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Articles

Reasons for Returning and Not Returning to Rural U.S. Communities

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Pages 58-72 | Received 01 Oct 2011, Accepted 01 Apr 2012, Published online: 12 Dec 2012
 

Abstract

Population loss persists in nonmetropolitan America, especially in isolated counties with limited natural amenities. Communities in these counties experience high levels of outmigration among high school graduates, but low in-migration is more important in distinguishing declining from growing nonmetropolitan counties, and return migration is a much more prominent component of in-migration to these locationally disadvantaged areas. This research uses a multisited, interview-based methodology to understand the factors that influence decisions of people in their late twenties to late forties to move back to rural communities and the barriers that keep others from making such moves. The life course segment considered here captures a critical “settling down” period when career and family obligations overlap and return migration peaks. Interviews at high school reunions, the only venues where stayers, return migrants, and nonreturn migrants are found together, show that limited rural employment opportunities are barriers for nonreturnees. Others intent on returning find ways to secure or create employment but are primarily influenced to move home by family concerns. Connections to the larger social and physical environment of the community are important as well. Interviews affirm that factors affecting migration decisions work in combination, and ties to both people and place are critical for understanding rural return migration.

美国非都会区域人口持续流失, 特别是在孤立且自然风情有限的郡县中。这些郡县中的社区经历了高中毕业生的高度人口外移, 但为数不多的移入者, 对于区别萎缩中和成长中的非都会区域而言更为重要, 且对这些地点较不具优势的区域而言, 返乡移民是移入者中更为重要的组成。本研究运用多重地点、以访谈为基础的研究方法, 了解影响年龄介乎二十岁末期至四十岁末期的人决定搬迁回乡村社区的因素, 以及阻止其他人做出该决定的阻碍。本研究所考量的生命历程切片, 捕捉了当事业和家庭责任重迭并达到迁徙返乡高峰的关键”安顿”时期。我们在高中同学会这个长期定居者、返乡移民者和非返乡移民者齐聚一堂的唯一场合所进行的访谈, 发现对非返乡移民者而言, 乡村工作机会的缺乏是返乡的阻碍。其他打算返乡者则寻找能够确保或创造就业机会的方式, 而其返乡的动机主要受到家庭考量所影响。社区与外界的社会及物质环境的联系也相当重要。访谈确认了迁徙的决定是受到多重因素共同影响, 而与人际和地方的联系则是了解乡村的返乡移民之关键。

La pérdida de población es un fenómeno que persiste en las áreas no metropolitanas de EE.UU., especialmente en los condados marginales dotados de pocas comodidades naturales. En las comunidades de estos condados se experimentan altos niveles de emigración en los graduados de educación media, aunque el escaso movimiento migratorio contrario es más importante para distinguir la declinación con relación a los condados no metropolitanos en crecimiento, y la migración de retorno es un componente mucho más notorio de la migración interna hacia estas áreas locacionalmente desfavorecidas. Esta investigación utiliza una metodología de sitios múltiples basada en entrevistas para entender los factores que influyen las decisiones de retornar a las comunidades rurales entre la gente con edades situadas entre los veintes tardíos y los finales de los cuarenta, y establecer las barreras que previenen a otros de tal desplazamiento. Este segmento del curso de la vida que se considera aquí engloba un período crítico de “asentamiento” cuando las obligaciones de la carrera y la familia se traslapan y la migración de retorno llega a su pico. Por entrevistas hechas durante asambleas en los colegios de bachillerato, únicos sitios de reunión donde se pueden encontrar juntos a quienes no han migrado, los que retornan y los otros migrantes, muestran que las limitadas oportunidades de empleo rural son una seria barrera para los in-migrantes. Otros intentan con el retorno descubrir los medios para hallar empleo o crearlo, aunque lo que primariamente los inclina a regresar al terruño son asuntos de familia. Las conexiones con los aspectos más amplios del entorno social y físico de la comunidad son también importantes. Las entrevistas confirman que los factores que afectan las decisiones de migración operan en combinación, y los vínculos con gente y lugar son críticos para comprender la migración de retorno rural.

Notes

*We wish to thankfully acknowledge the U.S. Department of Agriculture for funding this research through NRI/CSREES (now NIFA) research grant # 2007-35401-17742. However, the views expressed here are those of the authors and may not be attributed to the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Economic Research Service. We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor of The Professional Geographer for their very constructive and helpful feedback. We want to specially acknowledge the many high school reunion organizers in rural communities across the United States whose cooperation and assistance made this research possible. We are also grateful to the many reunion attendees and rural community members who took time to generously share their stories and insights with us.

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