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Articles

Concrete and Poverty, Vegetation and Wealth? A Counterexample from Remote Sensing of Socioeconomic Indicators on the U.S.–Mexico Border

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Pages 166-179 | Received 01 May 2013, Accepted 01 Oct 2013, Published online: 13 May 2014
 

Abstract

Impervious surface cover is often associated with low socioeconomic status (SES) and vegetation with high SES in urban areas in both developed and developing countries. This study documents the relationships among land cover, number of years urbanized (YR), topographic slope, and socioeconomic indicators, including a socioeconomic marginality index (MI), in Tijuana, Mexico. Unlike in other urban areas, vegetation cover decreased slightly and impervious cover increased significantly with increasing SES in Tijuana. This pattern was due to (1) slightly higher vegetation cover in tracts with high MI (low SES), where informal settlements were sometimes on steep slopes with remnant patches of vegetation; (2) significantly higher soil cover and low impervious cover in tracts with high MI due to unpaved roads and vacant lots, and (3) low vegetation cover and high impervious cover in tracts with low MI, which included the city center and new suburban developments with high population densities. YR, slope, and population density were important secondary predictors of land cover and SES. Approximately half of the variance in the proportion of the population with drainage and with piped water supply was explained by a multiple regression with land cover, slope, and YR, whereas fertility and infant mortality correlated with but were not predicted well by land cover. The combination of rapid population growth, variable topography, semiarid climate, and history of service development in Tijuana resulted in unexpected associations between SES and land cover, with implications for the environment and public health.

在已开发和发展中国家的城市地区中, 不透水表面覆盖经常与低社经地位 (SES) 有关, 植被则与高社经地位有关。本研究纪录墨西哥提华那中, 土地覆盖、城市化年期 (YR)、地形坡度, 以及包含社经边缘化指数 (MI) 的社经指标之间的关联性。提华那与其他城市地区不同之处在于, 随着社经地位的提高, 植被覆盖率稍微降低, 而不透水覆盖则显着增加。此一模式的原因在于 (1) 植被覆盖率稍高的大片土地, 有着高度社经边缘化指数 (低社经地位), 因为非正式聚落时而座落于有着残存的零星植被的陡坡之上; (2) 因为有着未铺上柏油的路面和空地, 使得土壤覆盖率明显较高且不透水覆盖率低的大片土地, 具有高度的社经边缘化指数; (3) 植被覆盖率低且不透水覆盖率高的大片土地, 有着低度的社经边缘化指数, 包含具有高度人口密度的市中心以及新的郊区建设。城市化年期、坡度和人口密度, 是土地覆盖和社经地位的重要次级预测指标。拥有排水系统和管道供水的人口比例中, 大约有一半的变动可透过土地覆盖、坡度和城市化年期的多元迴归解释之; 而出生率和婴儿死亡率虽与土地覆盖率有关, 但却无法以土地覆盖率准确预测之。提华那快速的人口成长、变化的地形、半乾燥的气候, 以及服务业发展的历史之结合, 导致社经地位与土地覆盖率之间出乎意料的联结, 并对环境及公共健康具有意涵。

La cubierta superficial impermeable a menudo se asocia con un estatus socioeconómico bajo (SES) y la vegetación con alto SES en áreas urbanas tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo. Este estudio documenta las relaciones existentes entre cobertura del suelo, el número de años que lleva de urbanizado el sector (YR), el gradiente topográfico y los indicadores socioeconómicos, incluyendo un índice de marginalidad socioeconómica (MI), en Tijuana, México. A diferencia de lo que ocurre en otras áreas urbanas, en Tijuana la cubierta vegetal disminuyó ligeramente y la superficie impermeabilizada se incrementó significativamente con el incremento de SES. Este patrón se debió a (1) cubierta de vegetación ligeramente mayor en sectores con altos valores de MI (bajo SES), donde los asentamientos informales ocurren a veces en laderas pendientes con algunos relictos de vegetación; (2) cubierta de suelo significativamente más grande y baja cobertura impermeable en sectores con alta MI, debido a carreteras sin pavimentar y lotes desocupados, y (3) baja cubierta vegetal y alta cubierta impermeable en sectores con bajo MI, que incluían el centro de la ciudad y nuevos desarrollos suburbanos con altas densidades de población. YR, gradiente y densidad de población fueron predictores secundarios importantes de la cobertura del suelo y SES. Aproximadamente la mitad de la varianza en la proporción de la población con drenaje y con suministro de agua de acueducto se explicó mediante una regresión múltiple con cubierta del suelo, gradiente y YR, en tanto que fertilidad y mortalidad infantil se correlacionaron con la cobertura del suelo, aunque no fueron predichos correctamente por ésta. La combinación de un crecimiento rápido de la población, topografía variable, clima semiárido, e historia del servicio de desarrollo en Tijuana resultó en asociaciones inesperadas entre SES y cobertura del suelo, con implicaciones para el medio ambiente y la salud pública.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Trent W. Biggs

TRENT W. BIGGS is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92115. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the impacts of land cover change on water quality and quantity, and the application of remote sensing to quantify and model hydrological processes.

William G. Anderson

WILLIAM G. ANDERSON is founder and president of Anderson Geographics and Consulting, 475 East Main Street, Hermiston OR 97838. E-mail: [email protected]. The company provides geographic information system support for natural resources management.

O. Alberto Pombo

O. ALBERTO POMBO is a researcher-professor at the Colegio de la Frontera Norte, San Antonio del Mar, Tijuana, BC 22560, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the socioecology of urban landscapes and water management.

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