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Articles

The Evolution of Natural Cities from the Perspective of Location-Based Social Media

Pages 295-306 | Received 01 Dec 2013, Accepted 01 Mar 2014, Published online: 14 Nov 2014
 

Abstract

This article examines the former location-based social medium Brightkite, over its three-year life span, based on the concept of natural cities. The term natural cities refers to spatially clustered geographic events, such as the agglomerated patches aggregated from individual social media users’ locations. We applied the head/tail division rule to derive natural cities, based on the fact that there are far more low-density areas than high-density areas on the Earth's surface. More specifically, we generated a triangulated irregular network, made up of individual unique user locations, and then categorized small triangles (smaller than an average) as natural cities for the United States (mainland) on a monthly basis. The concept of natural cities provides a powerful means to develop new insights into the evolution of real cities, because there are virtually no data available to track the history of cities across their entire life spans and at very fine spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, natural cities can act as a good proxy of real cities, in the sense of understanding underlying interactions, at a global level, rather than of predicting cities, at an individual level. Apart from the data produced and the contributed methods, we established new insights into the structure and dynamics of natural cities; for example, the idea that natural cities evolve in nonlinear manners at both spatial and temporal dimensions.

本文根据自然城市的概念, 检视早先根据地点的社群媒体 Brightkite 网站三年的存在历程。 “自然城市” 的概念, 意指空间上群聚的地理事件, 例如从各自的社群媒体使用者所在地所集结的群聚区块。根据地表上的低密度区域远远多于高密度区域之事实, 我们运用头/尾分离法则, 推导出 “自然城市”。更确切而言, 我们创造出三角形的不规则网络, 该网络由各自独特的使用者所在地组成, 并以每月为基础, 将小三角形 (较平均为小) 描绘为美国 (大陆) 的自然城市。自然城市的概念, 在对实际存在的城市演化发展出新洞见方面, 提供了强大的工具, 因为实际上而言, 并没有追溯这些城市全程发展历程、以及在非常细微的空间及时间尺度的数据。因此, 自然城市就理解全球层级的根本性互动而言, 可作为真实城市的有效代理, 而非在各自的层级上预测城市。我们除了数据生产以及贡献方法之外, 亦对自然城市的结构与动态建立崭新的洞见; 例如自然城市同时在空间及时间的向度中, 以非线性的方式演化之概念。

El presente artículo examina el anterior promedio social Brightkite basado en localización, a través de su período de vida de tres años, con base en el concepto de ciudades naturales. El término ciudades naturales se refiere a eventos geográficos espacialmente agrupados, tales como los parches de aglomeración que se forman por el agregado de localizaciones individuales de usuarios de los medios sociales. Aplicamos la regla de la división cabeza/cola para derivar ciudades naturales, basados en el hecho de que en la superficie terrestre existen muchas más áreas de baja densidad que áreas de alta densidad. Más específicamente, generamos una red triangulada irregular, constituida por las localizaciones de usuarios individuales, para luego categorizarla en pequeños triángulos (más pequeños que un promedio) como ciudades naturales de los Estados Unidos (continentales) en una dimensión mensual. El concepto de ciudades naturales provee un potente medio para desarrollar nuevos elementos de pensamiento en la evolución de las ciudades reales, debido a que virtualmente no existen datos disponibles para seguir la historia de las ciudades a través de todos sus períodos de vida y a escalas espaciales y temporales muy finas. Por lo tanto, las ciudades naturales pueden servir como un buen representante de las ciudades reales, en el sentido de entender las interacciones subyacentes, a un nivel global, más que predecir ciudades a un nivel individual. Además de los datos producidos y los métodos aportados, establecimos nuevas visiones en lo que tiene que ver con estructura y dinámica de las ciudades naturales; por ejemplo, la idea de que las ciudades naturales evolucionan de maneras no lineales tanto en las dimensiones espaciales como las temporales.

Acknowledgments

An early version of this article was presented by the first author as a keynote entitled “The Evolution of Natural Cities: A New Way of Looking at Human Mobility,” at Mobile Ghent ’13, 23–25 October 2012, University of Ghent, Belgium. We would like to thank Kuan-Yu Huang for partial data processing and the three anonymous referees and editor for their comments that significantly improved the quality of this article.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Bin Jiang

BIN JIANG is Professor of Computational Geography and GeoInformatics at the Department of Technology and Built Environment, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include geospatial analysis and modeling of urban structure and dynamics, in particular topological and scaling analysis of street networks and more recently of big social media data.

Yufan Miao

YUFAN MIAO is a master's student specializing in geomatics at the Department of Technology and Built Environment, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]. He has been working with Flickr and other social media data for uncovering underlying scaling patterns.

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