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Abstract
Typical measures of food access use spatial-only methods to identify nearby food outlets and the quantity, quality, and variety of food available. This measure of spatial access falls short in explaining the effect that the operating hours of food retailers have on food access. Our study aims to complement the spatial dimension of access measures by bringing time in as a new constraint on food access. To this end, we developed three measures of spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal access and correlated these measures with socioeconomic status (SES) in a case in Columbus, Ohio. Findings from our analysis of food access disparity suggest that low-SES neighborhoods in Columbus are not at a disadvantage of spatial access, but their limited temporal access is a more pressing concern. Implications drawn from the study would assist community advocates, local governments, and other stakeholders in deriving a better understanding of the local foodscape that are not only mediated by space but also time.
粮食取得的典型评估，仅使用空间方法，指认周遭的粮食销售点与可获得粮食的数量、质量与多样性。但此般空间管道之测量方法，却难以解释粮食零售业者的营业时间，对于粮食取得的影响。我们的研究，旨在透过将时间纳入作为取得粮食的新限制，补充测量获取管道的空间面向。为此，我们建立了空间、时间与时空管道三种测量，并将这些测量与俄亥俄州哥伦布市案例中的社会经济地位（SES）相关连结。我们对粮食获得差异的分析发现指出，哥伦布市中低社经地位的社区，在取得管道的空间面向上，并非处于不利地位，但他们在时间上的可及性则受到限制，因此是更为迫切的考量。从本研究中得到的意涵，可以促进社区倡议者、地方政府与其他产权所有者，能够更佳地理解到，地方的粮食地图，并不仅只是受到空间所中介，亦受到时间的中介。
Las mediciones típicas sobre accesibilidad alimentaria utilizan métodos exclusivamente espaciales para identificar los puntos cercanos de venta de alimentos y la cantidad, calidad y variedad de los alimentos que se ofertan. Esta medida de acceso espacial es insuficiente para explicar el efecto que tienen las horas dentro de las cuales operan los comerciantes de alimentos al detal, sobre la accesibilidad al alimento. Nuestro estudio busca complementar la dimensión espacial de las medidas de acceso incluyendo el tiempo como un nuevo limitante del acceso a los alimentos. Con este propósito, desarrollamos tres medidas de acceso—espacial, temporal y espacio-temporal—y correlacionamos estas medidas con el estatus socioeconómico (SES) en el caso de Columbus, Ohio. Los descubrimientos de nuestro análisis sobre la disparidad en el acceso al alimento sugieren que, en Columbus, los vecindarios con bajo SES no se hallan en desventaja por acceso espacial, pero su acceso temporal limitado es una preocupación más seria. Las implicaciones que se desprenden del estudio podrían ayudar a los promotores comunitarios, a los gobiernos locales y a otros interesados en conseguir un mejor entendimiento del paisaje local alimentario, que no solo es mediado por el espacio sino también por el tiempo.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kristine Dugan for her assistance in reviewing and editing an earlier draft. The authors also thank Michael Widener for providing feedback on a preliminary idea of the study. Finally, the authors thank the Center for Urban and Regional Analysis at the Ohio State University for support of data collection and analysis.
Funding
This work was made possible, in part, through a grant from the Global Food Security, Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture (#2012–68007–19894).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Xiang Chen
XIANG CHEN is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Emergency Management at Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR 72801. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include modeling urban food access using innovative geospatial techniques, including geovisualization, social media, and space–time analysis.
Jill Clark
JILL CLARK is an Assistant Professor in the John Glenn School of Public Affairs at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research centers on community and state governance of food systems and policies developed to achieve community and state food system goals.