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Articles

Economic Freedom, Migration, and Income Change in the United States: 1995 to 2010

Pages 390-398 | Received 01 Feb 2015, Accepted 01 Jun 2015, Published online: 20 Nov 2015
 

Abstract

Migration is primarily motivated by economic reasons, but people also move for a variety of other purposes, including a desire for political and economic freedom. Although freedoms are often thought of as dominant reasons for international migration in political states with federal systems of governments, migration across internal political borders also takes place to take advantage of local differences in political and economic regulations, taxes, and public goods. Using the combined Internal Revenue Service/Census Bureau state-to-state migration data for 1995 to 2010, we examine the relationship between economic freedom and migration and its impact on state-level income change. We find that economic freedom is positively associated with income change due to net migration but not associated with gains or losses from income differences between in- and outmigrants. In general, states with higher or lower levels of economic freedom gained or lost income due to migration.

移民主要是由经济因素所驱动, 但人们同时也因各种其他目的进行移民, 包含追求政治与经济自由。儘管 “自由” 经常被认为是驱动国际移民迁徙至具有联邦政府系统的政治国家的支配性原因, 但跨越内部政治边界的移民, 同样因利用各地方在政治与经济管制、税收及公共财方面的差异而发生。我们结合 1995 年至 2010 年国家税务局/人口统计局的州对州迁徙数据, 检视经济自由与移民之间的关係, 及其对州层级的所得改变之影响。我们发现, 经济自由与所得改变因淨移民而呈现正相关, 但并不与对内移民和对外移民的所得差异导致的增加或减少有关。一般而言, 具有较高或较低经济自由的州, 会因为移民而获得或损失所得。

La migración es motivada primariamente por razones económicas, aunque la gente también se desplaza por una variedad de propósitos distintos, incluso por el deseo de libertad política y económica. Aunque a menudo las libertades se piensan como las razones dominantes de la migración internacional en estados políticos caracterizados por tener sistemas de gobierno federal, la migración a través de límites políticos internos también ocurre para aprovechar diferencias locales en regulaciones políticas y económicas, impuestos y bienes públicos. Usando los datos combinados de migración estado por estado del Servicio de Impuestos Nacionales [Internal Revenue Service] y de la Oficina de Censos entre 1995 y 2010, examinamos la relación entre la libertad económica y la migración, y su impacto sobre el cambio del ingreso a nivel de estado. Hallamos que la libertad económica está asociada positivamente con el cambio del ingreso debido a la migración neta, pero no está asociada con ganancias o pérdidas por diferencias de ingreso entre migrantes internos y externos. En general, los estados con niveles más altos o más bajos de libertad económica ganaron o perdieron ingreso debido a la migración.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

J. Matthew Shumway

J. MATTHEW SHUMWAY is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include internal migration, rural demographic and economic change, and the Mountain West region.

James A. Davis

JAMES A. DAVIS is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include cultural landscapes, heritage tourism, and migration.

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