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Articles

Local Innovativeness and Knowledge Spillovers of Indigenous Firms on Foreign Firms: Evidence from China's ICT Industry

Pages 117-125 | Received 01 Aug 2015, Accepted 01 Mar 2016, Published online: 24 May 2016
 

Abstract

Literature on transboundary knowledge flows has primarily focused on foreign direct investment (FDI) spillover effects in emerging economies during the last decades. Little has been known, however, about whether or not and how foreign firms learn from local firms to enhance their innovation performance. The existing literature on clusters lays much emphasis on the variety of knowledge sources in the process of innovation, but it largely ignores the social and institutional barriers to transboundary knowledge flows. This article argues that for foreign firms operating in emerging economies, the issues about legitimacy and liability of foreignness might inhibit “outsiders” from effective knowledge sourcing; therefore, the social and institutional structure in a region plays a no less significant role than knowledge per se. Based on a large-scale firm-level database from China's information and communications technology (ICT) industry, this article reveals that local innovativeness of indigenous firms significantly stimulates and enhances innovation of foreign firms. It is interesting to find that whereas related variety of a region fails to exert positive influences, ownership diversity and a low extent of market concentration that reflect the openness of a local innovation system significantly affect innovation performance of foreign firms. It calls for more studies on local institutional and social construction of interfirm knowledge flows.

跨界知识流动的文献,主要聚焦过去数十年间,外国直接投资(FDI)在新兴经济体中的外溢效应。但外资企业是否以及如何从本土企业中学习以增进创新表现,却鲜少为人所知。既有的集群文献,大多强调创新过程中的多样知识来源,但却大幅忽略跨境知识流动的社会与制度障碍。本文主张,对于在新兴经济体中运作的外资企业而言,来自“外国”的正当性和责任义务之议题,或许阻止了“外来者”进行有效的知识汲取;因此,一个区域中的社会和制度结构,扮演着与知识本身不相上下的要角。本文根据中国信息通讯技术产业(ICT)大规模的企业层级数据集,揭露本土企业的地方创新性,显着地刺激并推进了外资企业的创新。有趣的是,当区域的相关多样性无法发挥正面影响时,反映一地创新系统的开放性的所有权多样性及小幅市场集中,则显着地影响了外资企业的创新表现。本文呼吁对地方制度与公司间的知识流动之社会建构投以更多的研究。

La literatura relacionada con flujos transfronterizos del conocimiento se ha centrado primariamente en los efectos de desborde de la inversión foránea directa (FDI) sobre las economías emergentes durante las pasadas décadas. Poco es lo que se ha podido saber, sin embargo, sobre si las firmas extranjeras aprenden o no de las firmas locales para fortalecer su desempeño innovador, y cómo lo hacen. La literatura existente sobre agrupaciones pone mucho énfasis en la variedad de fuentes de conocimiento del proceso de innovación, pero ignora en gran medida las barreras sociales e institucionales a los flujos transfronterizos de conocimiento. En este artículo se arguye que en el contexto de firmas extranjeras que operan en economías emergentes aquello que tiene que ver con la legitimidad y responsabilidad de lo foráneo podría inhibir a los “del exterior” de ser fuentes efectivas de conocimiento; por consiguiente, la estructura social e institucional en una región juega un papel no menos significativo que el del conocimiento per se. A partir de una base de datos a gran escala y a nivel de firma de la industria de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) de China, este artículo revela que el carácter innovador de firmas domésticas estimula y fortalece significativamente la innovación de las firmas extranjeras. Es muy interesante descubrir que mientras la variedad relacionada de una región no logra ejercer influencias positivas, la diversidad de la propiedad y una limitada extensión de la concentración del mercado que refleje la actitud abierta de un sistema local de innovación significativamente afecta el desempeño innovador de las firmas foráneas. Esto clama por mayores estudios sobre la construcción institucional y social a nivel local de flujos de conocimiento entre firmas.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Aiqi Wu for his contributions in data collection. We are also grateful for the excellent suggestions and comments by editor Barney Warf and two anonymous reviewers on the earlier versions of this article.

Funding

The work described in this article has been sponsored by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41101112, 41471101).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Cassandra C. Wang

CASSANDRA C. WANG is an Associate Professor in the School of Earth Sciences at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310027. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include the transboundary knowledge spillovers and firm innovation, industrial cluster and regional innovation, and the development of China's ICT industry.

Yiqiong Guo

YIQIONG GUO is a PhD student in the School of Earth Sciences at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310027. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include the development of China's ICT industry and regional resilience.

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