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Articles

Cross-Linguistic Research on Landscape Categories Using GEOnet Names Server Data: A Case Study for Indonesia and Malaysia

Pages 567-578 | Received 01 Jun 2016, Accepted 01 Nov 2016, Published online: 31 Mar 2017
 

Abstract

This article explores how toponym databases (gazetteers) can be used to examine the ethnophysiography hypothesis, which states that people from different language groups/cultures have different ways of conceptualizing landscape. Toponyms of two classes of eminences, mountain and hill, in Malaysia and Indonesia where the dominant languages are highly cognate were extracted from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) GEOnet Names Server (GNS) and analyzed using a heuristics-based geomorphometry approach. The result revealed that gunung and bukit, the main terms in Malay or Indonesian languages similar to mountain and hill in English, are used differently in the two countries: Bukit and gunung are used interchangeably for eminence features in Indonesia regardless of size (area extent), but the use of gunung is more strict for Malaysia to refer to larger eminence features. Furthermore, in Indonesia, the NGA GNS can readily be used to identify generic terms in local languages and dialects; we show that in some cases, size of eminence is distinguished with different generic terms and that spatial proximity might affect which term is used. The result suggests that NGA GNS is a promising set of data to explore ethnophysiography research questions, and can be a valuable exploratory tool for guiding detailed ethnophysiography work.

本文探讨地名学数据库 (地名词典) 如何能够用来检视民族志自然地理学的假说, 该假说主张来自不同语言群体/文化的人们, 以不同的方式概念化地景。本文从国家地理空间情报局 (NGA) 的国际地名查询系统 (NGS) 中, 取得主流语言高度同源的马来西亚与印尼中两个突出的地名类别——山岳与丘陵, 并以啓发为基础的地貌计量学方法进行分析。研究结果显示, “gunung” 与 “bukit” 这两个马来语或印尼语中近似英语中的山岳与丘陵的主要名称, 在两国中的使用方式不尽相同: 在印尼, bukit 与 gunung 可交换用来指称无关乎规模 (面积范围) 的突出特徵, 但 gunung 在马来西亚中的使用, 则较严格地指称规模较大的突出特徵。再者, 在印尼, NGA GNS 可被用来指认地方用语和方言中的通称; 我们显示, 在若干案例中, 突出物的规模以不同的通称进行区别, 且空间邻近性可能会影响使用的指称。研究结果指出, NGA GNS 是探讨民族志自然地理学研究问题时具有潜力的数据集, 并且为指引细緻的民族志自然地理学工作提供了有用的解释工具。

Este artículo explora el modo como las bases de datos de topónimos (diccionarios geográficos) pueden usarse para examinar la hipótesis de la etnofisiografía, la cual sostiene que la gente de diferentes grupos/culturas del lenguaje tienen diferentes maneras de conceptualizar el paisaje. Los topónimos para dos clases de eminencias, montaña y colina en Malasia e Indonesia, donde los idiomas dominantes son muy similares, se extrajeron del Servidor de Nombres GEOnet (GNS) de la Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia Geoespacial (NGA) y se analizaron por medio de un enfoque geomorfométrico de base heurística. El resultado reveló que gunung y bukit, los términos principales que en los idiomas malayo e indonesio son similares a montaña y colina en inglés, se usan de manera diferente en los dos países: Bukit y gunung son usados intercambiablemente para denotar rasgos de eminencia en Indonesia sin importar el tamaño (extensión de área), pero el uso de gunung es más estricto en Malasia para referirse a rasgos de eminencia más grandes. Aún más, en Indonesia los GNS NGA pueden usarse sin problema para identificar términos genéricos en los idiomas y dialectos locales; mostramos cómo en algunos casos, el tamaño de la eminencia es distinguido con diferentes términos genéricos, a la vez que la proximidad espacial puede afectar qué termino se usa. El resultado sugiere que GNS NGA es un conjunto de datos prometedor para explorar preguntas de investigación sobre etnofisiografía, y puede ser una invaluable herramienta exploratoria para orientar el trabajo detallado sobre etnofisiografía.

Notes

1 See http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ (last accessed 19 October 2016).

2 Compared to NGA GNS, the total numbers of toponyms in Geonames that are of interest in this article increase by merely 1.7 percent and 3.6 percent for Malaysia and Indonesia, suggesting that NGA GNS is indeed the main source for these two countries.

3 Frequently used is defined as being used more than eighty-six times or 0.5 percent of the total number of non-bukit, non-gunung toponyms.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Chen-Chieh Feng

CHEN-CHIEH FENG is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at the National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include conceptualization and formalization of geographic features, qualitative spatial representation and reasoning, and historical GIS.

David M. Mark

DAVID M. MARK is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geography at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include conceptualization of landscape, especially cultural and linguistic variation, and the incorporation of such conceptualization into GIS and science.

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