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Articles

Measuring Individuals' Spatial Access to Healthy Foods by Incorporating Mobility, Time, and Mode: Activity Space Measures

Pages 198-208 | Received 01 Oct 2016, Accepted 01 Apr 2017, Published online: 24 Jul 2017
 

Abstract

Spatial access to healthy foods has drawn growing attention regarding the relationship with people's health conditions and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Individuals' differences and the impact of travel behaviors on food accessibility, however, are rarely studied. This study incorporates mobility, time, and transportation mode components to measure each individual's access to healthy foods. We employed three activity space measures to estimate food accessibility: route network buffer, time-weighted standard deviational ellipse (SDE), and mode-weighted SDE. Food accessibility in three activity spaces shows similar variabilities. Geographic size and spatial access to healthy foods differ significantly by income and employment for all three activity space measures. People with higher incomes and those who are currently employed are likely to have larger activity spaces and higher food accessibility. As age increases, people tend to increase their size of activity spaces (in both SDE measures) and food accessibility significantly. Females are likely to have smaller activity spaces and less accessibility to healthy foods (only in the time-weighted SDE measure). Geographic size and spatial access do not differ significantly by education and number of vehicles per household. Although three activity spaces are highly correlated in both geographic size and spatial access, differences still exist among them.

健康粮食的空间取得管道, 在其与人类健康状态和人口与社会经济特徵的关系上, 吸引越来越多的关注。个人差异与运输行为对于粮食可及性的影响, 却仍鲜少受到研究。本研究纳入移动、时间以及运输模式元素, 测量各人的健康粮食取得管道。我们运用三个活动空间测量来评估粮食可及性: 路径网络缓冲、时间加权的标准差椭圆法 (SDE), 以及模式加权的 SDE。三大活动空间的粮食可及性, 显示出相似的差异性。在三大活动空间测量中, 地理尺度与健康粮食的空间取得管道, 皆随着所得与就业而有显着的差异。所得较高的人、以及目前受僱的人, 较可能拥有更广泛的活动空间与较大的粮食可及性。随着年龄的增加, 人们倾向显着增加他们的活动空间范围 (同时在两个 SDE 测量中) 以及粮食可及性。女性在取得健康粮食上, 可能拥有较小的活动空间与较少的可及性 (仅在以时间加权的 SDE 测量中) 。地理尺度与空间取得管道, 在教育与每个家户拥有的车辆数上并无显着差异。尽管三大活动空间同时在地理尺度与空间取得管道上高度相关, 但其中仍存在着差异。

El acceso espacial a alimentos saludables ha atraído creciente atención sobre la relación con las condiciones de salud de la gente y las características demográficas y socioeconómicas. Las diferencias de los individuos y el impacto de las conductas de viaje sobre la accesibilidad a los alimentos, sin embargo, raramente son estudiados. En este estudio se incorporan los componentes de movilidad, tiempo y modo de transporte para medir el acceso a alimentos saludables de cada individuo. Nosotros empleamos tres medidas de actividad en el espacio para calcular la accesibilidad a los alimentos: el búfer de la red de rutas, la elipse de desviación estándar temporalmente ponderada (SDE), y la SDE ponderada por modo. La accesibilidad al alimento en tres espacios de actividad muestra variabilidades similares. El tamaño geográfico y el acceso espacial a alimentos saludables difiere significativamente por ingreso y empleo para todas las tres medidas de espacio de actividad. La gente con los ingresos más altos y quienes actualmente se encuentran empleados están propensos a tener espacios de actividad más grandes y una accesibilidad a los alimentos más alta. A medida que se incrementa la edad, la gente tiende a incrementar significativamente el tamaño de sus espacios de actividad (en ambas medidas SDE) y la accesibilidad a los alimentos. Las mujeres están propensas a tener espacios de actividad más pequeños y menor accesibilidad a alimentos saludables (solo en la medida SDE temporalmente ponderada). El tamaño geográfico y el acceso espacial no difieren significativamente por educación y por el número de vehículos por hogar. Aunque tres espacios de actividad están altamente correlacionados tanto en tamaño geográfico como en acceso espacial, las diferencias entre ellos persisten.

Acknowledgments

We thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. We also thank Andrew Rohne, transportation model manager at the Ohio–Kentucky–Indiana Regional Council of Governments, for providing data.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jingjing Li

JINGJING LI is a PhD student in the Department of Geography & GIS at the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include travel pattern analysis, food accessibility, and public health.

Changjoo Kim

CHANGJOO KIM is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography & GIS at the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221. E-mail: [email protected]. His research and teaching interests are in geographic information science, transportation, and spatial and temporal modeling. His research addresses theoretical and practical questions in urban and economic geography through the application of GIS methods. He investigates a range of urban and economic concerns including travel activity, urban sprawl, commuting, airline industry, retailing, and so on.

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