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Articles

Digital Data-Centric Geography: Implications for Geography's Frontier

Pages 687-694 | Received 01 Nov 2017, Accepted 01 Jan 2018, Published online: 23 Apr 2018
 

Abstract

The debate regarding geographic information systems (GIS) as tool, toolbox, or science still lingers in geography departments and among geographers. Analysis of geographic information is a vital component of decision making among business, governments, researchers, and academics. GIS users, geographers and nongeographers alike, use and benefit from problem-solving methods in numerous fields and contexts, making the use of GIS and the core competencies associated with using GIS a topic of intense debate. Complicating this ongoing discussion is the rise of data-centric approaches to research in geography that further expand the capabilities of spatial analysis and add to the expected knowledge of a GIS user and analyst. Building on a panel discussion at the 2016 American Association of Geographers (AAG) annual meeting, as well as informal dialogues on Twitter and other social media platforms that navigate this issue in academics and industry, this article explores how skills in research computing and programming operate in geography and GIS, especially given the rise of data-centric approaches to research in these realms. Some topics, like the costs and benefits of open and closed source software, are familiar from previous discussions in geography and GIS. Others, though, like the reward structures and recognition for computing skills or programming ability, have not been widely considered given the current landscape.

有关地理信息系统 (GIS) 作为工具、工具箱或科学的辩论, 仍旧存留于地理系中和地理学者之间。地理信息分析, 是企业、政府、研究者和学者进行决策时的重要元素。地理学者以及非地理学者的 GIS 使用者, 在为数众多的田野与脉络中运用解决问题的方法, 并从中受益, 致使 GIS 的使用、以及使用 GIS 的核心能力, 成为激烈辩论的议题。让此一持续进行的讨论变得更加复杂的, 是地理学中兴起以数据为核心的研究方法, 进一步扩展空间分析的应用能力, 并增进 GIS 使用者和分析师的预期知识。本文植基于 2016 年美国地理学家协会 (AAG) 年会的论坛讨论, 以及推特和其他社交媒体平台上推进学术和产业中此一议题的非正式对话, 探讨研究计算与模式化的技术如何在地理学与 GIS 中操作, 特别有鉴于以数据为核心的研究方法在这些领域中的兴起。若干主题, 诸如开放与封闭资源软件的成本与效益, 在过往的地理学与 GIS 讨论中相当普遍。但其他诸如回馈结构和计算技能与模式化能力的认证, 则尚未在当下的境况中广泛受到考量。

El debate que considera los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) como instrumento, caja de herramientas o ciencia todavía persiste en los departamentos de geografía y entre los geógrafos. El análisis de la información geográfica es un componente vital para la toma de decisiones en los negocios, los gobiernos, investigadores y académicos. Los usuarios de SIG, lo mismo geógrafos que quienes no lo son, usan y se benefician de los métodos para resolver problemas en numerosos campos y contextos, haciendo del uso del los SIG y las competencias medulares asociadas con tal utilización un tópico de intenso debate. Esta discusión en marcha se complica aún más con el incremento de los enfoques centrados en datos de la investigación geográfica, que amplía aún más las capacidades del análisis espacial y suma algo más al conocimiento que se espera de un usuario y analista de SIG. Construyendo sobre lo discutido en un panel de la reunión anual de la Asociación Americana de Geógrafos (AAG) en 2016, lo mismo que en diálogos informales en Twitter y otras plataformas de los medios sociales que difunden este asunto en la academia y la industria, este artículo explora el modo como las habilidades en investigación de computación y programación operan en geografía y en los SIG, en especial si se considera el auge de enfoques centrados en datos para la investigación en estos reinos. Algunos tópicos, como los costos y beneficios de fuentes de software abiertas y cerradas, son temas familiares procedentes de discusiones anteriores en geografía y SIG. Otras cosas, sin embargo, como las estructuras de recompensa y el reconocimiento por capacidades de computación o habilidad para programar, no han sido suficientemente consideradas, dadas las características del actual paisaje.

Acknowledgments

We thank the participants of the discussion panel at the 2016 AAG in San Francisco entitled “Symposium on Human Dynamics Research: A Dark Side to Data-Centric Geography? Where Are the Reward Systems?” that inspired this work: Karen Kemp, Werner Kuhn, Serge Rey, Renee Seiber, and Matt Wilson, whose insights greatly informed the article. A digital supplement to the panel session remains online at dusk.geo.orst.edu/aag16-darkside.html. The original idea for such a panel was inspired by the Pythonic Preambulations blog (jakevdp.github.io) of Jake VanderPlas of the University of Washington, to whom we are also grateful. We also thank Michael Gould and others who continued to provide perspectives and insights along the nature of this work during its creation. The comments of two anonymous reviewers and editor Barney Warf significantly improved the article.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Forrest J. Bowlick

FORREST J. BOWLICK is Lecturer in Geographic Information Science and Technology in the Department of Geosciences and the Department of Environmental Conservation at the University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include GIS and geography education, geography in higher education, and the intersection of spatial thinking and computational thinking in GIS instruction.

Dawn J. Wright

DAWN J. WRIGHT is the Chief Scientist of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Redlands, CA 92373. E-mail: [email protected]. She is also Professor of Geography and Oceanography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.

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