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Articles

Toward Equal Opportunity of Primary Education: Introducing a Lottery into China’s Proximity-Based Enrollment System

Pages 210-220 | Received 01 Jan 2018, Accepted 01 May 2018, Published online: 18 Dec 2018
 

Abstract

A serious spatial inequality of educational opportunity in school enrollment persists worldwide. The use of random mechanisms in school allocation might improve spatial equality, with lotteries applied in some choice-based systems. China uses a proximity-based assignment, yet the optimization of spatial equality of educational opportunity by introducing a lottery has received little consideration. To achieve the maximum spatial equality of educational opportunity, in this study, a random proximity-based model was developed, and the swarm optimization method was used to solve the model. A case study in the Shijingshan district of Beijing was used to illustrate the model outputs. For comparison, a proximity-based model was also developed and solved. After introducing a lottery into a proximity-based enrollment system, the spatial disparity of educational opportunity was reduced by 70 percent. The average travel distance to school increased 3.5-fold but was still much less than the actual average distance of 4.3 km. Relaxing the maximum travel distance constraint could significantly improve spatial inequality. Although total equality was significantly improved, only 51 percent of students benefited from increased opportunities, which implies that the model could be adopted in a centralized institutional context, such as China, but might be ineffective in a democratic system.

全世界普遍存在着入学注册的教育机会严重空间不均之现象。使用随机机制进行学校分派, 并将抽籤应用至若干以选择为基础的系统, 或可增进空间均等。中国使用以邻近性为基础的分派, 但通过引进抽籤来最优化教育机会的空间均等, 则鲜少受到考量。为了取得教育机会的最大空间均等, 本文发展出一个以邻近性为基础的随机模型, 并运用群最佳演算法来解决该模型。本研究运用北京石景山地区的案例研究来描绘该模型的产出。为了进行比较, 本研究同时建立并解决一个以邻近性为基础的模型。将抽籤引入以邻近性为基础的注册系统后, 教育机会的空间落差减少了百分之七十。平均就学距离增加了3.5倍, 但却仍较实际的平均距离4.3公里少很多。解除最大通勤距离的限制, 可显着改善空间不均。管总体均等有显着的改善, 但只有百分之五十一的学生能受益于增进的机会, 意味着该模型能够被应用于集中化的制度脉络, 例如中国, 但在民主系统中则可能无法产生效果。

A escala mundial, en la matrícula escolar persiste una seria desigualdad espacial de oportunidad educativa. El uso de mecanismos aleatorios en la asignación escolar podría mejor la equidad espacial, con loterías aplicadas en algunos sistemas basados en selección. China usa una asignación basada en proximidad, aunque la optimización de la equidad espacial de la oportunidad educativa con la introducción de una lotería ha recibido poca consideración. Para lograr el máximo de equidad espacial de la oportunidad educativa, en este estudio se desarrolló un modelo aleatorio basado en proximidad, a la vez que se usó el método de optimización de enjambre para encontrar la solución al modelo. Un estudio de caso en el distrito Shijingshan de Beijing se usó para ilustrar los resultados del modelo. Para comparación, también se desarrolló y solucionó un modelo basado en proximidad. Después de introducir una lotería en un sistema de matrícula basado en proximidad, la disparidad espacial de la oportunidad educativa se redujo en un 70 por ciento. El promedio de la distancia de viaje a la escuela se incrementó 3.5 veces, aunque todavía fue menos que el promedio real de distancia de 4.3 km. Al relajar la coacción del máximo de la distancia de viaje podría mejorar significativamente la desigualdad espacial. Aunque la igualdad total fue mejorada significativamente, solo el 51 por ciento de los estudiantes se beneficiaron de las oportunidades incrementadas, lo cual implica que el modelo podría adoptarse en un contexto institucional centralizado, tal como lo es China, pero podría ser ineficaz en un sistema democrático.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully thank the editor and reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41741009).

Notes on contributors

Teqi Dai

TEQI DAI is an Assistant Professor at the Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include transport geography and spatial optimization.

Zhengbing Liu

ZHENGBING LIU is a doctoral student in the School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include urban and regional development.

Cong Liao

CONG LIAO is a doctoral student in the School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include urban planning and spatial optimization of public service.

Hongyu Cai

HONGYU CAI is a master’s degree candidate in the School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include public policy and urban transportation.

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