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Articles

Defining the Historical Northeastern Forested Boundary of the Great Plains Grasslands in the United States

Pages 1-8 | Received 17 Nov 2018, Accepted 05 Mar 2019, Published online: 12 Jul 2019
 

Abstract

The Great Plains is the grasslands of the central United States, but precise delineation of this region has evaded agreement due to the transition between Great Plains grasslands and forests of the eastern United States. After comparing Great Plains delineations in readily available geographic information system layers, I established a northeastern boundary using evidence from historical tree surveys during the 1800s. Additionally, I described tree presence within the Great Plains over time and potential drivers of change. The definition documented here diverges from others by including most of Iowa and part of Illinois, and even small sections in Indiana and Wisconsin, but excluding Missouri due to regular tree presence overall at landscape scales of ecological subsections. In this definition, the Great Plains had an extent of 2.29 million km2 in fifteen states, including Indiana and Wisconsin, and 2.19 million km2 after removal of open forests in Oklahoma and Texas. Tree presence occurs within the Great Plains and tree encroachment is not a new process; however, tree encroachment is increasing in the Great Plains, which causes a decrease in the grasslands region. Nevertheless, clarifying the historical eastern boundary provides a solution to the problem of competing versions of the Great Plains region. Key Words: ecotone, prairie, savanna, tree encroachment.

北美大平原是美国中部的草原地带,但对此一区域的确切界定,却因北美大平原的草原和美国东部的森林之间的过渡而尚未达成一致。在比较可取得的地理信息系统层中的北美大平原之界定后,我运用西元一千八百年代的历史树木调查证据,界定了一个东北边界。此外,我亦描绘北美大草原随着时间的树木存在,及其改变的可能驱力。此处所记载的定义与其他研究有所不同,因其纳入爱荷华州的大半部分与伊利诺州的若干部分,甚至是印第安那州与威士康辛州的小部分,但却因整体生态亚派地景尺度上树木的普遍存在而排除密苏里州。在此一定义中,北美大平原在十五州内拥有两百二十九万平方公里的范围,包括印第安纳州与威士康辛州,而在移除奥克拉荷马州和德州的开放森林之后,仍有二百一十九万平方公里的面积。北美大平原中,树木的出现和树木入侵并非新的进程,但树木入侵却在北美大平原中逐渐增加,导致了草原区域的减少。然而釐清历史上的东部边界,仍对北美大平原区域存在相互竞争的描述之问题提供了解决方案。关键词:交错群落, 大草原, 无树平原, 树木入侵。

Los Grandes Llanos corresponden a las praderas del centro de los Estados Unidos, aunque una delimitación precisa de esta región ha sido esquiva al acuerdo debido a la transición entre esos pastizales y los bosques de los Estados Unidos orientales. Luego de comparar las delineaciones de los Grandes Llanos de disponibilidad pronta en capas en los sistemas de información geográfica, establecí un límite nordeste usando la evidencia de estudios históricos de árboles durante los años 1800s. Además, describí la presencia de arbolado dentro de los Grandes Llanos a través del tiempo y los controles potenciales del cambio. La definición que aquí se documenta difiere de otras por la inclusión de la mayor parte de Iowa y parte de Illinois, e incluso pequeñas secciones de Indiana y Wisconsin, pero excluyendo Missouri debido a la presencia regular de árboles en todas partes a escalas de paisaje de subsecciones ecológicas. En esta definición, los Grandes Llanos tienen una extensión de 2.29 millones de km2 en quince estados, incluyendo Indiana y Wisconsin, y 2.19 millones de km2 si se remueven áreas de bosques abiertos en Oklahoma y Texas. La presencia de árboles ocurre dentro de los Grandes Llanos y la invasión de árboles no es un proceso inusual; sin embargo, la invasión del arbolado se está incrementando en esta región, lo que ocasiona una reducción del área de praderas. Con todo, al aclarar lo concerniente al límite oriental histórico, se obtiene una solución al problema de versiones competidoras de la región de los Grandes Llanos.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Brice B. Hanberry

BRICE B. HANBERRY is a Research Ecologist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rapid City, SD 57702. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include historical and human ecology.

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