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Articles

Unequal Proximity to Environmental Pollution: An Intersectional Analysis of People with Disabilities in Harris County, Texas

Pages 521-534 | Received 28 Nov 2019, Accepted 15 May 2020, Published online: 05 Aug 2020
 

Abstract

This article addresses the growing need to analyze the relationship between disability and environmental pollution, as well as contribute to emerging research that recommends an intersectional approach for studying the complexity of distributive environmental risks imposed on marginalized subpopulations in U.S. urban areas. It focuses on Harris County, which contains the city of Houston and the highest number of people with disabilities in the state of Texas. Three different pollution sources are analyzed: Superfund sites on the National Priorities List (NPL); hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities; and motor vehicle traffic. Proximity scores are calculated at the census tract level using a novel spatial enumeration methodology developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and statistical analysis is based on multivariable generalized estimating equations. Results indicate that people with disabilities are significantly more likely to reside in neighborhoods with higher NPL and TSD proximity than those without disabilities, after controlling for clustering and relevant sociodemographic factors. Intracategorical analysis reveals that individuals with disabilities are experiencing a “multiple jeopardy” defined by the convergence of disability with other social disadvantages such as racial/ethnic minority and elderly status and amplified by their proximity to pollution sources.

本文分析了残疾和环境污染的关系,也为利用交叉方法研究美国城市边缘化人口所面临的环境风险分配的复杂性提供了新方法。关注休斯顿所在的Harris县,该县有德克萨斯州最多的残疾人。分析了三种不同污染源:国家优先清单(National Priorities List, NPL)里的超级基金地点;有毒废弃物处理、储藏和排放(TSD)设施;机动车辆交通。采用美国环保局开发的新的空间枚举方法,对每个美国人口普查统计区都计算了距离评分。统计分析方法则采用多元广义估计方程。结果表明,在限定聚类和社会人口统计因子后,与非残疾人相比,残疾人更可能居住在高NPL和TSD距离评分的社区。类内分析显示,残疾人经历了“多重危险”,即残疾、不利的社会地位(少数、老年等)、以及污染源距离对残疾和不利社会地位的放大。

En este artículo se aboca la creciente necesidad de analizar la relación entre discapacidad y polución ambiental, al tiempo que busca contribuir a la investigación emergente que recomienda un enfoque interseccional para estudiar la complejidad de los riesgos ambientales distributivos impuestos a subpoblaciones marginadas en áreas urbanas norteamericanas. El artículo está enfocado al Condado Harris, en el cual se incluye la ciudad de Houston y el más alto número de gente afectada con minusvalía en el estado de Texas. Se analizan tres diferentes fuentes de polución: Sitios de superfondos en la Lista Nacional de Prioridades (NPL); instalaciones de tratamiento, almacenamiento y eliminación de desechos peligrosos (TSD); y tráfico de vehículos de motor. Los puntajes de proximidad se calculan a nivel de los tractos censales usando una metodología de enumeración espacial novedosa desarrollada por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los EE.UU., y el análisis estadístico se basa en ecuaciones de estimación multivariada generalizada. Los resultados indican que la gente que sufre discapacidades está significativamente más inclinada a vivir en vecindarios que registren proximidad NPL y TSD más altas que las que no registran discapacidades, después de controlar agrupamiento y factores sociodemográficos relevantes. El análisis intracategórico revela que los individuos que tienen discapacidades están experimentando “riesgo múltiple”, definido por la convergencia de incapacidad con otras desventajas sociales tales como minoría crítica y estatus de tercera edad, y amplificada por su proximidad a las fuentes de polución.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jayajit Chakraborty

JAYAJIT CHAKRABORTY is a Professor of Geography in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology and the Founding Director of the Socio-Environmental and Geospatial Analysis Lab at the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are located at the intersection of hazards geography, health geography, and urban geography and encompass a wide range of environmental and social justice issues.

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