265
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Exploring Nonstationarity in Spatial Association

, , &
Pages 79-87 | Received 22 Nov 2020, Accepted 15 Jul 2021, Published online: 27 Sep 2021
 

Abstract

This article expands the application of geographical weighting schemes to include indicators of spatial association. Because global measures of spatial association are already spatial models incorporating weights based on the scale of spatial association, calculating distance-based weighting schemes for the spatial association pairs is challenging given that spatial association involves object pairs. It is proposed here that the distance between the focal observation and the object pair be calculated based on the diagonal of a parallelogram formed by the focal point and the two endpoints of the object pair. Traditional local indicators of spatial association are constructed by a decomposition of a global measure into local components of spatial dependency centered on a focal location within a given scale of spatial association, whereas the new geographically weighted (GW) indicator of spatial association aids in measuring the spatial dependency of spatial subregions centered on a focal location within a given frame-of-reference scale. In this sense, they are similar to the spatially varying spatial association indicated by the estimated parameters on the spatially lagged response variable of a GW spatial lag model. Finally, a GW Moran’s I is developed and visualized to illustrate the GW indicator of spatial association.

本文将空间关联指数结合到地理加权方法中。由于空间关联的全局度量是包含了空间关联尺度加权的空间模型, 因此, 在空间关联涉及到对象组时, 空间关联组的距离加权法具有挑战性。本文提出, 可以通过焦点与目标组两个端点形成的平行四边形的对角线, 计算焦点观测与目标组的距离。传统的空间关联局域指数, 在特定空间关联尺度下, 将全局指数分解为以焦点位置为中心的空间依赖局部分量。新的空间关联地理加权(GW)方法, 有助于度量参考尺度下以焦点位置为中心的空间子区的空间依赖性。由此, 它们类似于GW空间滞后模型中空间滞后响应变量的估计参数所指示的空间变化空间关联。最后, 本文建立并可视化了GW Moran's I指数, 以说明GW的空间关联指数。

Este artículo amplía la aplicación de los esquemas de ponderación geográfica para incluir los indicadores de la asociación espacial. Dado que las medidas globales de asociación espacial ya son modelos espaciales que incorporan ponderaciones basadas en la escala de asociación espacial, calcular esquemas de ponderación basados en la distancia para los pares de la asociación espacial es algo retador si se considera que la asociación espacial implica pares de objetos. Aquí se propone que la distancia entre la observación focal y el par de objetos se calcule a partir de la diagonal de un paralelogramo formado por el punto focal y los dos puntos extremos del par de objetos. Los indicadores locales tradicionales de la asociación espacial están construidos por una descomposición de una medida global en los componentes locales de dependencia espacial centrados en una locación focal dentro de una escala dada de asociación espacial, mientras que el nuevo indicador geográficamente ponderado (GW) de la asociación espacial ayuda a medir la dependencia espacial de las subregiones espaciales centradas en una locación focal dentro de una escala de marco de referencia dada. En ese sentido, son similares a la asociación espacialmente variable indicada por los parámetros calculados en la variable de respuesta espacialmente rezagada de un modelo de retardo espacial del GW. Por último, se desarrolla y visualiza un I de Moran del GW a título de ilustración del indicador GW de la asociación espacial.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jie Lin

JIE LIN is an Associate Professor in the School of Earth Sciences at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include GIScience, spatial analysis, and their socioeconomic applications.

Shuowei Zhang

SHUOWEI ZHANG is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include spatial statistics, local model analysis, and climate change impacts on urban development.

Dean Hanink

DEAN HANINK is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include economic geography and regional science.

Robert Cromley

ROBERT CROMLEY is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include cartography, GIScience, and spatial analysis.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 198.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.