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Articles

Competition, Integration, or Complementation? Exploring Dock-Based Bike-Sharing in New York City

Pages 65-75 | Received 06 Aug 2021, Accepted 17 Apr 2022, Published online: 28 Jul 2022
 

Abstract

The bike-sharing system has advanced urban transportation by solving “the last mile problem,” enabling riders to better connect to public transit. There has been a paucity of knowledge, however, regarding the relationship between bike-sharing and public transit. In this article, we solicit one year of bike trip data comprising approximately 17 million trips from Citi Bike, the largest dock-based bike-sharing system in New York City. Then, we derive six bike usage clusters based on three clustering variables: the start trips, end trips, and station empty status. Finally, we propose three relationships between bike-sharing and public transit: competition, integration, and complementation. The result demonstrates that bike-sharing can largely compete with public transit in New York City. A significant portion of bike-sharing trips are more time-intensive than their public transit alternatives. The article concludes that this competition exists due to riders’ preferences for lower costs and flexibility over savings in travel time, which helps to improve transportation equity for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Thus, in New York City, bike-sharing primarily fulfills the need for low-cost and flexible travel rather than solving “the last mile problem.” This revelation provides new insights into the roles of bike-sharing in urban transportation.

通过解决“最后一英里问题”, 自行车共享系统改善了城市交通, 使骑车人能够更好地使用公共交通。然而, 对于自行车共享和公共交通之间的关系, 我们还缺乏认识。从纽约市最大的有桩自行车共享系统Citi Bike, 我们收集了一年的约1700万次自行车出行数据。基于三个聚类变量(开始行程、结束行程和站点空闲状态), 得出自行车使用的六个聚类。最后, 我们提出了自行车共享和公共交通之间的三种关系:竞争、融合和互补。结果表明, 纽约市的自行车共享在很大程度上可以与公共交通竞争。很大部分的共享自行车出行比公共交通更耗时。本文的结论是, 这种竞争是由于骑车人更倾向于低成本和灵活性, 而非节省出行时间, 这有助于改善社会经济弱势群体的交通公平。因此, 纽约的自行车共享主要满足了低成本和灵活出行的需求, 而非解决“最后一英里问题”。这一发现, 为自行车共享在城市交通中的作用提供了新的见解。

El sistema de compartir bicicletas ha incidido en el mejoramiento del transporte urbano al resolver “el problema de la milla final”, permitiendo que los ciclistas se conecten mejor con el transporte público. No obstante, poco es lo que se sabe sobre la relación entre el uso compartido de las bicicletas y el transporte público. En este artículo, solicitamos los datos de un año de viajes en bicicleta, que comprenden aproximadamente 17 millones desde Citi Bike, el mayor sistema de ciclas compartidas, basado en muelles, de la ciudad de Nueva York. Luego, derivamos seis grupos de uso de la bicicleta a partir de tres variables de agrupamiento: los viajes iniciales, los viajes finales y el estado de vacío de la estación. Por último, proponemos tres relaciones entre compartir bicicleta y el transporte público: competencia, integración y complementación. El resultado demuestra que el compartir bicicleta puede, en gran medida, competir con el transporte público en la Ciudad de Nueva York. Una porción significativa de los viajes en cicla compartida pueden ser más intensivos en tiempo que sus alternativas del transporte público. El articulo llega a la conclusión de que esta competencia existe debido a las preferencias de los viajeros por los costos más bajos y la flexibilidad sobre el ahorro de tiempo de viaje, lo cual ayuda a mejorar la equidad en el transporte para las poblaciones socioeconómicamente menos favorecidas. Entonces, en la Ciudad de Nueva York, el uso compartido de la bicicleta satisface principalmente la necesidad de viajes de bajo costo y flexibilidad, en lugar de resolver “el problema de la última milla”. Esta revelación aporta nuevas ides sobre las funciones del uso de la bicicleta compartida en el transporte urbano.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Caiwen Ding for assisting with the usage of the Google Maps application programming interface and Dr. Ran Xu for assisting with the statistical analysis.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Yunhe Cui

YUNHE CUI is a PhD Student in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include human mobility, shared mobility services, and urban transportation.

Xiang Chen

XIANG CHEN is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06279. E-mail: [email protected]. His research is focused on GIScience, food access, and community health.

Xurui Chen

XURUI CHEN is a Data Scientist at Vipshop, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, China. E-mail: [email protected]. Her work is focused on consumer behavior analysis.

Chuanrong Zhang

CHUANRONG ZHANG is a Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests are in GIS, geostatistics, and their applications to natural resource management and environmental evaluation.

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