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Articles

The Belt and Road Initiative and Chinese Overseas Diplomatic Authorities: Discursive Representations and the Geopolitical Outreach in Africa

Pages 512-520 | Received 16 Dec 2021, Accepted 07 Jul 2022, Published online: 03 Oct 2022
 

Abstract

Aligned with critical geopolitics, this article examines the unevenness of geopolitical outreach in the discursive representations of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis of Chinese diplomatic authorities’ Web site postings in fifty-two African countries. This study not only illustrates the spatiality and temporality of different agencies’ discursive practices in Africa, but also diversifies Chinese outreach to Africa in the China–Africa and BRI study fields. Specifically, the Chinese diplomacy does not simply unfold through formal geopolitics played out at traditional diplomatic sites, but also involves geopolitical outreach at both local African and domestic Chinese media sites as well as via the diplomatic institutional networks. Nevertheless, the discursive representations do not necessarily correlate with the diplomatic relationships between China and African countries; neither are they oriented by the “resource” narratives and China’s imports from African countries. More likely, the market status indexed by population and Chinese exports to African countries significantly correlates with the discursive representations. The study also demonstrates the spatial unevenness of Chinese geopolitical outreach among primary countries, strategic countries, and ordinary countries in Africa, which to some extent counters the popular narratives of bilateral relationships between China and respective African countries.

基于批判地缘政治学, 本文定性和定量地分析了中国外交当局发表于52个非洲国家的网站文章, 探讨了“一带一路”倡议(Belt and Road Initiative, BRI)叙事表达中的地缘政治关系不均衡性。本研究不仅阐述了各机构在非洲的叙事具有空间性和时间性, 而且在中非关系和BRI研究领域内实现了中非关系多样化。具体地, 中国不仅在传统外交网站上采用地缘政治学开展外交, 还通过非洲本地媒体网站、中国国内媒体网站和外交机构网络去建立地缘政治联系。然而, 这些叙事表达未必依赖于中非外交关系, 也与“资源”描述和中国从非洲进口无关。以人口和中国对非洲出口为指标的市场地位, 则更有可能与叙事表达有很大关系。研究还表明, 中国与非洲主要国家、战略国家和普通国家的地缘政治关系, 存在着空间不平衡性, 这在一定程度上与中非双边关系的主流说法背道而驰。

En línea con la geopolítica crítica, este artículo examina la desigualdad de la proyección geopolítica en las representaciones discursivas de la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta (BRI, sigla en inglés), realizando análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de las publicaciones en la Web de las autoridades diplomáticas chinas en cincuenta y dos países africanos. Este estudio no solo ilustra la espacialidad y temporalidad de las prácticas discursivas de diferentes agencias en África, sino que también diversifica la proyección china hacia África en los campos de estudio China–África y BRI. Específicamente, la diplomacia china no se desenvuelve simplemente a través de la geopolítica formal que se desarrolla en las sedes diplomáticas tradicionales, sino que además involucra la proyección geopolítica en los medios de comunicación locales africanos y nacionales de China, lo mismo que a través de las redes institucionales diplomáticas. Sin embargo, las representaciones discursivas no se correlacionan necesariamente con las relaciones diplomáticas entre China y los países africanos; tampoco son orientadas por las narrativas de los “recursos” y las importaciones de China desde los países africanos. Quizás lo más probable es que el estatus del mercado indexado por la población y las exportaciones chinas a los países africanos correlaciona significativamente con las representaciones discursivas. El estudio demuestra también la desigualdad espacial del alcance geopolítico chino entre los países primarios, los países estratégicos y los países ordinarios en África, lo cual contrarresta hasta cierto punto las narrativas populares de las relaciones bilaterales entre China y los respectivos países africanos.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Talia Tao, who provided advice on the quantitative data analysis. His gratitude also extends to convenors and the audience at the 2022 American Association of Geographers (AAG) Political Geography Specialty Group Preconference. This article won the AAG Political Geography Specialty Group PhD Student Paper Prize.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Allen Hai Xiao

ALLEN HAI XIAO is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include Africa–Asia connections, African urbanism, mobilities and migration, and critical geopolitics.

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