Notes
1 Johnson v. M’Intosh, 21 U.S. 543 (1823).
2 Pope Alexander VI, “The Legal Battle and Spiritual War Against the Native People,” The Bull Inter Caetera, May 4, 1493, https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/inter-caetera/.
3 Cory Doctorow, “Terra Nullius,” Locus, March 4, 2019, https://locusmag.com/2019/03/cory-doctorow-terra-nullius/.
4 Cheryl Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (2003).
5 Vincent N. Pham, “Our Foreign President Barack Obama: The Racial Logics of Birther Discourses,” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 8, no. 2 (2015).
6 Timothy Barney, “Power Lines: The Rhetoric of Maps as Social Change in the Post-Cold War Landscape,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 94, no. 4 (2009): 413–414.
7 Ibid.
8 Zornitsa Keremidchieva, “The Congressional Debates on the 19th Amendment: Jurisdictional Rhetoric and the Assemblage of the US Body Politic,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 99, no. 1 (2013): 52.
9 Ibid.
10 Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (New York: Autonomedia, 2013).
11 Kristen Carpenter, Sonia Katyal, and Angela Riley, “In Defense of Property,” Yale Law Journal 118, no. 6: 1066, n. 206 (April 2009).
12 Matthew Desmond, “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation,” The New York Times Magazine: 1619 Project, August 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.
13 Ibid.
14 Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States (New York: Routledge, 2014).
15 See e.g. L. L. Fuller, “Legal Fictions,” Illinois Law Review, 25 no. 4 (December 1930).
16 Robert Meija, Kay Beckermann, and Curtis Sullivan, “White Lies: A Racial History of the (Post)truth,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 15, no. 2 (2018).
17 Harris, 1713.
18 Dinesh C. Sharma, “‘Pharmacy of the World’ is in Peril,” The Hindu Business Line, January 25, 2018, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/pharmacy-of-the-world-is-in-peril/article10048324.ece.
19 Resmaa Menakem, My Grandmother’s Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending Our Hearts and Bodies (Las Vegas: Central Recovery Press, 2017), 10.
20 Marouf Hasian, Celeste Condit, and John Lucaites, “The Rhetorical Boundaries of ‘the Law’: A Consideration of the Rhetorical Culture of Legal Practice and the Case of the ‘Separate but Equal’ Doctrine,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 82, no. 4 (1996): 328.
21 A growing body of scholarship, including a now canonical essay called #CommunicationSoWhite and a special issue of Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, explores these themes. See e.g. Paula Chakravarrty, Rachel Kuo, Victoria Grubbs, and Charlton McIlwain, “#CommunicationSoWhite,” Journal of Communication, 68 no. 2 (2018): 254–266; Martin Law and Lisa Corrigan, “On White-Speak and Gatekeeping: Or, What Good Are the Greeks?,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 15, no. 4 (2018): 326–330; Matthew Houdek, “The Imperative of Race for Rhetorical Studies: Toward Divesting from Disciplinary and Institutionalized Whiteness,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 15, no. 4 (2018): 292–299.
22 Roopali Mukherjee, Sarah Banet-Weiser, and Herman Gray, Racism Postrace (Durham: Duke University Press, 2019), 2.
23 Robert Krizek and Thomas Nakayama, “Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 81, no. 3 (1995).