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ABSTRACT
This article offers the “architrope” as a means for apprehending rhetorical figures on a symbolic landscape (or “tropography”). I argue that ethical critique of public memory places requires more than reading visual representations and envisioning resistive viewer agencies. Inspired by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s declaration that it should not be possible to remember Victorian England’s women writers without recalling the “worlding” functions of colonial literature in British imperialism, I examine how the Brontë Parsonage Museum should unworld and otherworld its memoryscape. Adding spatial dimension to visual rhetoric, I map tropographic turns where visitors should not only unsettle histories but also confront aporias of postcolonial, feminist, and queer memories. Although rhetorical scholars celebrate the radical potential of the uncanny and the subjunctive mood, my analysis shows that uncanniness can be commodified, and colonizing narratives necessitate overt negation. Remapping commonplaces of museums and memorials therefore requires replacing rhetorical theory’s acquiescence to possibility with emplaced attunement to impossible demands of the forgotten and unrepresentable dead.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the Drake Center for the Humanities for supporting this research, and Katya Haskins and Dylan Rollo for their encouragement during the writing process. This essay is dedicated to my teacher and mentor. I hope she finds it an unexpected gift.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism,” Critical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (1985): 243.
2 Maree Thyne and Gretchen Larsen, “Conceptualizing Contents Brandscapes: The Brontë Brand,” In Contents Tourism and Pop Culture Fandom, ed. Takayoshi Yamamura and Philip Seaton (Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2020), 34; 40.
3 Emma Liggins, The Haunted House in Women’s Ghost Stories: Gender, Space and Modernity, 1850–1945 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), 28; 200.
4 Anthony Vidler, The Architectural Uncanny: Essays in the Modern Unhomely (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992), 11.
5 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012), 488.
6 Ibid., 524.
7 Joshua Gunn, “Mourning Humanism, Or, the Idiom of Haunting,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 92, no. 1 (2006): 87.
8 Juliet Sprake and Mike Sharples, Learning-Through-Touring: Mobilising Learners and Touring Technologies to Creatively Explore the Built Environment vol. 6 (Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2012), 209.
9 Tammi Arford and Eric Madfis, “Whitewashing Criminology: A Critical Tour of Cesare Lombroso’s Museum of Criminal Anthropology,” Critical Criminology (2022), n.p.
10 Margaret Critchlow Rodman, “A Critique of ‘Place’ through Field Museum’s Pacific Exhibits,” The Contemporary Pacific 5, no. 2 (1993): 274; 267.
11 Kundai Chirindo, “Micronations and Postnational Rhetorics,” Women's Studies in Communication 41, no. 4 (2018): 389.
12 Caitlin Frances Bruce, “River of Words as Space for Encounter: Contested Meaning in Rhetorical Convergence Zones,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 105, no. 4 (2019): 449.
13 Jesse Ross Knutson, Into the Twilight of Sanskrit Court Poetry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019).
14 E. Johanna Hartelius, “The Anxious Flâneur: Digital Archiving and the Wayback Machine,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 106, no. 4 (2020): 385–6.
15 Greg Dickinson, “Memories for Sale: Nostalgia and the Construction of Identity in Old Pasadena,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 83, no. 1 (1997): 17; Ekaterina V. Haskins, Popular Memories: Commemoration, Participatory Culture, and Democratic Citizenship (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 47.
16 Marcus Wood, Slavery, Empathy and Pornography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 295.
17 Barbara A. Biesecker, “From General History to Philosophy: Black Lives Matter, Late Neoliberal Molecular Biopolitics, and Rhetoric,” Philosophy & Rhetoric 50, no. 4 (2017): 421.
18 Raka Shome, “Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Relevance for Communication Studies,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication (Oxford University Press, 2018), 21; 20.
19 Raka Shome, “The Obligation of Critical (Rhetorical) Studies to Build Theory,” Western Journal of Communication 77, no. 5 (2013): 515.
20 Raka Shome, “Mapping the Limits of Multiculturalism in the Context of Globalization,” International Journal of Communication 6 (2012): 152.
21 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, An Aesthetic, 84.
22 Ibid., 290.
23 Ibid., 323; 351; 428.
24 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reasoning: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), x.
25 A. Susan Owen, “Expertise, Criticism and Holocaust Memory in Cinema,” Social Epistemology 25, no. 3 (2011): 239.
26 Linda Young, “Literature, Museums, and National Identity; Or, Why Are There So Many Writers' House Museums in Britain?,” Museum History Journal 8, no. 2 (2015): 240.
27 Judith Pascoe, On the Bullet Train with Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights in Japan (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017), 1; 5.
28 Maree Thyne and Gretchen Larsen, “Conceptualizing Contents Brandscapes,” 34.
29 Nicola MacLeod, “‘A Faint Whiff of Cigar’: The Literary Tourist’s Experience of Visiting Writers’ Homes,” Current Issues in Tourism 24, no. 9 (2021): 1214; 1219.
30 Paul Jeeves, “Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth Giving Hope for the Future with Launch of New Exhibitions,” Yorkshire Post, May 19, 2021, https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/bronte-Parsonage-museum-in-haworth-giving-hope-for-the-future-with-launch-of-new-exhibitions-3242821 (accessed April 27, 2023); Peter Wilby, “Cambridge Entrance Exams, the Brexit Tourism Boom, and Why Owen Smith Is a No-hoper,” New Statesman 145, no. 5329 (2016): 7.
31 “Celebrate the Coronation with Red Savannah,” Luxury Travel Magazine, March 9, 2023, https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/celebrate-the-coronation-with-red-savannah; “Middleton Tours All Day Excursions,” https://www.middletonstours.co.uk/tours/day-excursions (accessed April 7, 2023).
32 Gayla McGlamery, “The Three Tropographies of Ronald Wright’s A Scientific Romance,” Canadian Literature, no. 185 (2005).
33 Kenneth S. Zagacki and Victoria J. Gallagher, “Rhetoric and Materiality in the Museum Park at the North Carolina Museum of Art,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 95, no. 2 (2009).
34 Allison L. Rowland, “Zoetropes: Turning Fetuses into Humans at the National Memorial for the Unborn,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 47, no. 1 (2017): 26.
35 Faber McAlister, “Domesticating Citizenship: The Kairotopics of America's Post-9/11 Home Makeover,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 27, no. 1 (2010): 86.
36 Faber McAlister, “Collecting the Gaze: Memory, Agency, and Kinship in the Women's Jail Museum, Johannesburg,” Women's Studies in Communication 36, no. 1 (2013): 1–27.
37 Barbie Zelizer, About to Die: How News Images Move the Public (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 47; 17.
38 Michael Bowman, “Tracing Mary Queen of Scots,” ed. Greg Dickinson, Carole Blair, and Brian L. Ott, Places of Public Memory: The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010), 212.
39 Joshua Trey Barnett, “Toxic Portraits: Resisting Multiple Invisibilities in the Environmental Justice Movement,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 101, no. 2 (2015); Michele Kennerly, “Getting Carried Away: How Rhetorical Transport Gets Judgment Going,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 40, no. 3 (2010): 285.
40 Bradford Vivian, “Witnessing Time: Rhetorical Form, Public Culture, and Popular Historical Education,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 44, no. 3 (2014): 214.
41 Hartelius, “The Anxious Flâneur,” 385.
42 Bryan J. McCann, “Duplicity and the Depraved Uncanny in Mediations of Ted Bundy,” Women’s Studies in Communication 44, no. 3 (2021): 340–59.
43 Spivak, A Critique, 331.
44 “Heathcliff and the Ghosts of Slavery,” The Yorkshire Post, 2011; “Heathcliff’s Secret,” Belfast Telegraph, 2018; “It’s Money, Not Race, That Reigns in Hollywood,” New York Times, 1996; “This England: Another Country,” The Guardian, 1991.
45 J. Hillis Miller, “Topography and Tropography in Thomas Hardy’s In Front of the Landscape,” Identity of the Literary Text, ed. Mario J. Valdés and Owen Miller (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), 85.
46 MacLeod, “A Faint Whiff,” 1223.
47 Kate Smith. “Empire and the Country House in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Amhersts of Montreal Park, Kent,” Journal of Colonialism & Colonial History 16, no. 3 (2015): n.p.
48 Spivak, “Three Women’s Texts,” 243.
49 Shannon M. Jackson, Embodying Cape Town: Engaging the City Through Its Built Edges and Contact Zones (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 41.
50 Ibid., 41.
51 Amanda Morris and Casey R. Schmitt, “Indians Aren’t Funny: Native Stand-Up as Contact Zone,” in Decolonizing Native American Rhetoric: Communicating Self-Determination, ed. Casey Ryan Kelly and Jason Edward Black (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2018): 152–179; Bo Wang, “Rethinking Feminist Rhetoric and Historiography in a Global Context: A Cross-Cultural Perspective,” Advances in the History of Rhetoric 15, no. 1 (2012): 28–52; Phyllis Mentzell Ryder, “In(ter)ventions of Global Democracy: An Analysis of the Rhetorics of the A-16 World Bank/IMF Protests in Washington, DC,” Rhetoric Review 25, no. 4 (2006): 408–26.
52 Anjali Vats, “Mapping Property,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 105, no. 4 (2019): 510–11.
53 Alex J. Gapud, “Displacing Empire: Aphasia, ‘trade’, and Histories of Empire in an English City,” History and Anthropology 31, no. 3 (2020): 343.
54 Andrew Wood, A Rhetoric of Ruins: Exploring Landscapes of Abandoned Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2021), 85.
55 Zelizer, About to Die, 121.
56 Cara A. Finnegan, Making Photography Matter: A Viewer’s History from the Civil War to the Great Depression (University of Illinois Press, 2015), 48.
57 Jonathan Rutherford, “Ghosts: Heritage and the Shape of Things to Come,” In The Politics of Heritage: The Legacies of ‘Race’, ed. Jo Littler and Roshi Naidoo (London: Routledge, 2005), 72.
58 Ian Baucom, “Mournful Histories: Narratives of Postimperial Melancholy,” Modern Fiction Studies 42, no. 2 (1996): 266–7.
59 Waiyee Loh, “Japanese Tourists in Victorian Britain: Japanese Women and the British Heritage Industry,” Textual Practice 34, no. 1 (2020): 102–3.
60 Nick Cass, “Provoking Numinous Experience: Contemporary Art Interventions at the Brontë Parsonage Museum,” International Journal of Heritage Studies: IJHS 26, no. 3 (2020): 301.
61 “About Us: Our History,” The Brontë Society: Brontë Parsonage Museum. https://www.bronte.org.uk/about-us/our-history (accessed June 4, 2022).
62 Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Bronte, Vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1857), 3–4.
63 Maria H. Frawley, “Elizabeth Gaskell’s Ethnographic Imagination in ‘The Life of Charlotte Brontë’,” Biography 21, no. 2 (1998): 176.
64 Lucasta Miller, The Brontë Myth (London: Vintage Books, 2002), 36.
65 Ibid., 36.
66 May Sinclair, The Three Brontës (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1914), 7.
67 “The Otherworldly Brontës,” https://hauntedhaworth.co.uk/ghost-walks/the-otherworldly-brontes/ (accessed June 10, 2022).
68 “The Bronte Village Interactive Ghost Walks Haworth West Yorkshire,” https://hauntingnightsghostwalks.co.uk/event/bronte-interactive-ghost-walks-haworth-west-yorkshire/ (accessed June 14, 2022).
69 “1 h Haunted Haworth Tour,” https://www.tripadvisor.com/AttractionProductReview-g186409-d20032188-1_hour_Haunted_Haworth_Tour-Haworth_Keighley_West_Yorkshire_England.html (accessed June 13, 2022).
70 “Ghost Tours of the Historic Village of Haworth, Famous Home of the Brontës,” https://hauntedhaworth.co.uk/ (accessed June 10, 2022).
71 Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson (New York: Harper, 2008).
72 Pheng Cheah, What is a World? On Postcolonial Literature as World Literature (Duke University Press, 2016), 8.
73 Maureen Coleman, “Wuthering Frights; Travel: Maureen Coleman Visits Village Home of the Brontës at Halloween.” The Mirror November 25, 2017: 38.
74 Charlie Wilson, “Haworth’s Most Haunted Pub,” June 12, 2021, https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/haworths-most-haunted-pub-black-20797373 (accessed October 1, 2022).
75 Daphne Merkin, “Life On Moors,” T: The New York Times Style Magazine, March 18, 2012, 37; Narelle Towie, “Haunting Tales of City, Sea and Moors,” Sunday Mail, September 19, 2010, 16.
76 Nancy Wigston, “A Walk in Brontë Country,” Toronto Star, February 4, 2011 https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2011/02/04/a_walk_in_bronte_country.html (accessed April 27, 2023); Coleman, “Wuthering Frights.”
77 Michele Hanks, Haunted Heritage: The Cultural Politics of Ghost Tourism, Populism, and the Past (New York: Routledge, 2016), 15.
78 Wood, “Haunting Ruins,” 441; 452.
79 Kevin T. Jones, Kenneth S. Zagacki, and Todd V. Lewis, “Communication, Liminality, and Hope: The September 11th Missing Person Posters,” Communication Studies 58, no. 1, (2007), 111.
80 Anne Kingstone, “And Did Black Hands Knit Upon Yorkshire’s Mountains Green?” https://annkingstone.com/and-did-black-hands-in-ancient-times-knit-upon-yorkshires-mountains-green/ (accessed January 16, 2023).
81 This tour echoed Phillip Lister’s Ghosts and Gravestones of Haworth (Yorkshire: Tempest Publishers, 2006).
82 “The Mysterious Stone Heads of Haworth,” https://hauntedhaworth.co.uk/2020/11/22/the-mysterious-stone-heads-of-haworth/ (accessed June 20, 2022).
83 “Haworth’s Weeping Woman Ghost,” https://hauntedhaworth.co.uk/2020/12/21/haworths-weeping-woman-ghost/ (accessed June 19, 2022).
84 Quoted in Miller, The Brontë Myth, 59.
85 Matthew Houdek, “In the Aftertimes, Breathe: Rhetorical Technologies of Suffocation and an Abolitionist Praxis of (Breathing in) Relation,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 108, no. 1 (2022): 53.
86 Quoted in Anjam Katyal, “‘I’m a Happy Old Girl’: The Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 80th Birthday Interview,” Scroll In, February 24, 2022 https://scroll.in/article/1018017/im-a-happy-old-girl-gayatri-chakravorty-spivak-the-80th-birthday-interview (accessed April 27, 2023).
87 Gapud, “Displacing Empire,” 343.
88 Coleman, “Wuthering Frights.”
89 Bryonny Goodwin-Hawkins, “Wild, Bleak Moors: Literary Landscaping and the Re-ruralization of “Brontë Country,” in Literary Tourism and the British Isles: History, Imagination, and the Politics of Place, ed. LuAnn McCracken Fletcher (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019), 119.
90 Thomas R. Dunn, “Grinding against Genocide: Rhetorics of Shame, Sex, and Memory at the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 49, no. 4 (2019): 365–86.
91 Thomas R. Dunn, “Remembering ‘A Great Fag’: Visualizing Public Memory and the Construction of Queer Space,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 97, no. 4 (2011): 451.
92 Richard A. Kaye, “Queer Bronte: Parody, Revision, Identification, and the Pleasures of Myth-Making,” Victorians: A Journal of Culture and Literature, no. 130 (2016): 38.
93 Dan Allen, “Surprisingly Queer Places: Northern England,” NBC News, March 14, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/surprisingly-queer-places-northern-england-n733296 (accessed April 27, 2023).
94 Helen Sandler, "Top 10 Classic Destinations," Diva no. 142 (2008): 32.
95 Kathryn Hughes, “The Strange Cult of Emily Brontë and the ‘Hot Mess’ of Wuthering Heights,” The Guardian July 21, 2018.
96 Alison Oram, “Sexuality in Heterotopia: Time, Space and Love between Women in the Historic House,” Women's History Review 21, no. 4 (2012): 534.
97 E Cram, “Queer Geographies and the Rhetoric of Orientation,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 105, no. 1 (2019): 104.
98 Michael Stewart, Walking the Invisible: Following in the Brontës’ Footsteps (London: Harper Collins, 2021).
99 Ruby Kitchen, “Following in Footsteps of Brontë sisters to Charter Centuries of Societal Change on Northern Landscapes,” Yorkshire Post, June 25, 2021, https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/following-in-footsteps-of-bronte-sisters-to-charter-centuries-of-societal-change-3286889 (accessed April 27, 2023).
100 Michelle Griffin, “On the Trail of Ghosts,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 1, 2018: 34.
101 Elsie Michie, “From Simianized Irish to Oriental Despots: Heathcliff, Rochester and Racial Difference,” Novel: A Forum on Fiction 25, no. 2 (1992): 139.
102 Humphrey Gawthrop, “Slavery: Idée Fixe of Emily and Charlotte Brontë,” Brontë Studies: Journal of the Brontë Society 38, no. 4 (2013): 282.
103 “IBAR and Europeans,” Brontë Blog, April 30, 2015, http://bronteblog.blogspot.com/2015/04/ibar-and-europeans.html (accessed April 27, 2023).
104 “Burial, the Brontes and Lost Children,” https://jademontserrat.com/2016/10/28/burial-the-brontes-and-lost-children-a-text-and-film-performance-at-ibar-uclan-symposium-lost-children-the-black-atlantic-and-northern-britain-friday-1st-may-2015/ (accessed June 15, 2022).
105 Ibid.
106 Jade Montserrat and Daniella Rose King, “(Some Possibilities of) Rural Belongings,” Women and Performance 28, no. 3 (2018): 267.
107 Spivak, “Three Women’s Texts,” 247.
108 Ibid., 250.
109 Ibid., 250–51.
110 Julia Khrebtan-Hörhager and Minkyung Kim, “Re-membering Comfort Women: From On-screen Storytelling and Rhetoric of Materiality to Re-thinking History and Belonging,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 106, no. 4 (2020): 433.
111 Sarah Jane Cervenak, “With: Jade Montserrat’s Peat,” ASAP Journal, August 1, 2019, https://asapjournal.com/with-jade-montserrats-peat-sarah-jane-cervenak/ (Accessed September 3, 2022).
112 Cervenak, “With: Jade Montserrat’s Peat.”
113 E Cram, Violent Inheritance: Sexuality, Land, and Energy in Making the North American West (University of California Press, 2022): 29.
114 “Inside Haworth: The Humble Parsonage Where the Brontë Sisters Changed Literature,”
Country Life January 17, 2020, https://www.countrylife.co.uk/out-and-about/theatre-film-music/bronte-sisters-parsonage-haworth-146543 (accessed April 27, 2023).
115 Jenny Hockey, “Houses of Doom,” In Ideal Homes?: Social Change and Domestic Life ed. Tony, Chapman and Jenny Hockey (Routledge, 2002), 151–2.
116 Cass, “Provoking,” 307.
117 Edwin Coomasaru, “Brexit and the Occult.” Third Text 35, no. 4 (2021): 476.
118 Gapud, “Displacing Empire,” 331.
119 Cass, “Provoking,” 307; 309.
120 Daniel C. Brouwer & Charles E. Morris III, “Decentering Whiteness in AIDS Memory: Indigent Rhetorical Criticism and the Dead of Hart Island,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 107, no. 2 (2021), 173.
121 “Catherine Bertola,” https://www.currellcollection.com/artists/27-catherine-bertola/biography/ (accessed June 16, 2022)
122 “Artists in Haworth: Catherine Bertola,” https://www.bronte.org.uk/contemporary-arts/artists-in-haworth/catherine-bertola (accessed April 14, 2023).
123 Ibid.
124 Zelizer, About to Die, 177–8.
125 Elaine Freedgood, The Ideas in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 32.
126 Raka Shome, Diana and Beyond: White Femininity, National Identity, and Contemporary Media Culture (Baltimore: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 133.
127 “Seeing in the Night-Time,” Brontë Blog. March 18, 2009. https://bronteblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/seeing-in-night-time.html (accessed April 27, 2023).
128 Available at https://www.mashamgallery.co.uk/tales-of-history-and-heroines.html (accessed June 22, 2022).
129 “Drawings Explore Writers’ Inner Life,” The Yorkshire Post, July 12, 2013.
130 Nicola J. Watson, The Author’s Effects: On Writer's House Museums (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 85.
131 Ibid., 16.
132 Quoted in “Drawings Explore.”
133 Eleanor Houghton, “Charlotte Brontë’s Moccasins: The Wild West Brought Home,” In Charlotte Brontë, Embodiment and the Material World, eds. Justine Pizzo and Eleanor Houghton (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020), 192.
134 Houghton, “Charlotte Brontë’s Moccasins,” 177.
135 “THE Summer of Stupidity,” Daily Mail, June 30, 2020, 19.
136 “The Lost Boy,” Yorkshire Post, February 21, 2017, https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/lost-boy-1782285 (accessed April 27, 2023).
137 Hilarie Stelfox, “From Brontë-inspired Poetry to World Travel: What Simon Armitage is Getting Up to in 2017,” Huddersfield Daily Examiner February 28, 2017, https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/huddersfield-writer-simon-armitage-importing-12606563 (accessed April 27, 2023).
138 Quoted in Stelfox, “From Brontë-inspired Poetry.”
139 Simon Armitage, “Mansions in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of Branwell Brontë,” Poetry Nation 44, no. 1 (2017): 53.
140 Quoted in “The Lost Boy.”
141 Emma Butcher, The Brontës and War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 135.
142 Michelle Murray Yang, “Still Burning: Self-Immolation as Photographic Protest,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 97, no. 1 (2011): 20.
143 Charles E. Scott, “The Appearance of Public Memory,” In Framing Public Memory, ed. Kendall R. Phillips (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 147.
144 Spivak, “Three Women’s Texts,” 244.
145 Ibid., 244.
146 Spivak, An Aesthetic, 116.