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Abstract
Vicente J., Balland P. A. and Brossard O. Getting into networks and clusters: evidence from the Midi-Pyrenean global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) collaboration network, Regional Studies. This paper analyses clusters from collaborative knowledge relations embedded in wider networks in a particular technological field. Focusing on the interface of clusters and networks contributes to a better understanding of collaboration, within and across places and cognitive domains. An empirical analysis of the Midi-Pyrenean global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) cluster is proposed based on a relational database constructed from collaborative research and development projects funded at the European, national, and regional levels. Using Social Network Analysis tools, the results are discussed according to (1) the structural, technological, and geographical dimensions of knowledge flows; (2) the influence of particular organizations in the structure; and (3) the heterogeneity and complementarities of their position and role. The paper concludes by showing that the findings provide new opportunities for cluster theories.
Vicente J., Balland P. A. et Brossard O. Entrer au cœur des réseaux et des clusters: le cas du réseau de collaboration dans les GNSS en Midi-Pyrénées, Regional Studies. L'article analyse les clusters à partir des relations collaboratives d'innovation encastrées dans des réseaux plus larges dans un domaine technologique donné. Se positionner à l'interface des réseaux et des clusters permet d'avoir une meilleure compréhension des collaborations, dans et entre espaces géographiques et domaines cognitifs. Nous proposons une analyse empirique basée sur le cluster GNSS (Systèmes Globaux de Navigation par Satellite) en Midi-Pyrénées, à partir d'une base de données relationnelles issue de l'agrégation de projets collaboratifs de R&D régionaux, nationaux et européens. A l'aide des outils de l'analyse sociale des réseaux, nous discutons les résultats selon (1) les dimensions structurelle, technologique et géographique des flux de connaissances, (2) l'influence de certaines organisations dans la structure, et (3) l'hétérogénéité et la complémentarité de leur position et rôle. Nous concluons en montrant que nos résultats fournissent de nouvelles perspectives pour la théorie des clusters.
Connaissance Réseaux Economie géographique Cluster Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
Vicente J., Balland P. A. und Brossard O. Einstieg in Netzwerke und Cluster: Belege aus dem kooperativen Netzwerk für das globale Navigationssatellitensystem (GNSS) in der Region Midi-Pyrénées, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir Cluster von kooperativen Wissensbeziehungen, die in breitere Netzwerke eines bestimmten technologischen Gebiets eingebettet sind. Die Konzentration auf die Schnittstelle zwischen Clustern und Netzwerken trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Zusammenarbeit innerhalb von und zwischen Orten und kognitiven Bereichen bei. Wir stellen eine empirische Analyse des Clusters des globalen Navigationssatellitensystems (GNSS) in der Region Midi-Pyrénées vor. Diese Analyse basiert auf einer relationalen Datenbank, die anhand von auf europäischer, nationaler und regionaler Ebene finanzierten kooperativen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten erstellt wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe von Instrumenten der sozialen Netzwerkanalyse hinsichtlich der folgenden Aspekte erörtert: (1) der strukturellen, technologischen und geografischen Dimensionen der Wissensflüsse, (2) des Einflusses bestimmter Organisationen auf die Struktur und (3) der Heterogenität und Komplementaritäten ihrer Position und Rolle. Zum Abschluss wird aufgezeigt, inwiefern die Ergebnisse neues Potenzial für Cluster-Theorien bieten.
Wissen Netzwerke Wirtschaftsgeografie Cluster Globales navigationssatellitensystem (GNSS)
Vicente J., Balland P. A. y Brossard O. Entrar en el corazón de las redes y las aglomeraciones: el caso de la red de colaboración del sistema global de navegación por satélite (GNSS) en la región de Mediodía-Pirineos, Regional Studies. En este artículo analizamos las aglomeraciones que surgen a partir de las relaciones colaboradoras de conocimientos arraigadas en redes más amplias en un determinado campo tecnológico. Concentrarse en la interfaz de las aglomeraciones y las redes contribuye a entender mejor la colaboración dentro y entre los espacios y dominios cognitivos. Proponemos un análisis empírico de la aglomeración del GNSS (sistema global de navegación por satélite) en la región de Mediodía-Pirineos basado en un banco de datos relacionales construido a partir de proyectos de colaboración sobre investigación y desarrollo con financiación regional, nacional y europea. Con ayuda de las herramientas para el análisis de redes sociales, se analizan los resultados según (1) las dimensiones estructurales, tecnológicas y geográficas de los flujos de conocimiento; (2) la influencia de organizaciones concretas en la estructura; y (3) la heterogeneidad y las complementariedades de su posición y función. Concluimos este artículo mostrando que los resultados brindan nuevas perspectivas a las teorías de aglomeración.
Conocimiento Redes Geografía económica Aglomeración Sistema global de navegación por satélite (GNSS)
Acknowledgements
This research received financial support from the EURODITE Project (Regional Trajectories to the Knowledge Economy: A Dynamic Model, Sixth Framework Program, Contract Number 006187).
Notes
In the following empirical analysis, the bimodal network will be used for the study of cliques since it permits avoidance of the overestimation of cliquishness that can occur when one considers collaborative projects in which many organizations are involved instead of bilateral relations.
The authors would like to thank one of the referees for this conceptual suggestion.
All the collaborative projects are included in this period, even if some of them started before and others finished after this base period.
The cells C ij are defined as follows:
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C ij = 0 if i and j do not collaborate in any GNSS project.
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C ij = 1 if i and j collaborate in one GNSS project.
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C ij = n if i and j collaborate in n GNSS projects.
A diamond appears when two organizations connected to a project are also connected to another project.
A triangle is a triad that appears each time three organizations participate in the same project, which happens very often in networks of events.
But with a weaker degree of significance since the p-value of the permutation test is slightly superior to 10%.
The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee who suggested computing the E-I index for this particular type of knowledge relations instead of the E-I index for the whole of the network.
Note that the computation of the centrality indexes for the simplified MP+ Network gives close results that concern the ranking of the more central organizations, and so are not displayed here.
The scores are normalized since a node endowed with more relations than the others will automatically obtain higher scores for any of the brokerage types. Moreover, depending on the number and size of the attributes group, some types of brokerage will automatically be more frequent than others, even if they are chosen at random. It is thus necessary to compare actual brokerage ties with the expected ones obtained from a random sampling. The normalized brokerage scores are then defined as the ratios of actual scores to expected scores.
The raw and normalized scores of the main brokers who had a total brokerage score of at least 150 were only computed. This action is justified by the fact that random sampling may not converge towards the true distribution of ties when nodes have few ties.