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General Papers

Economic Change and Rising Income Inequality in the Oslo Region: The Importance of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services

Pages 1082-1094 | Received 01 Jul 2009, Published online: 04 Oct 2011
 

Abstract

Wessel T. Economic change and rising income inequality in the Oslo region: the importance of knowledge-intensive business services, Regional Studies. The growth of market income inequality in the Oslo region of Norway between 1993 and 2004 is investigated. Using two measures, it is shown that most of the change occurred within knowledge-intensive business services, and further within demographic subgroups. Changes in mean income (‘between-group inequality’) and shifts in the balance between segments of the economy are of minor importance. The results support a combined focus on productive paths and institutions. Labour relations, in particular, appear as an important explanation. However, labour relations can hardly explain why men rather than women, and Western immigrants rather than non-Western immigrants, converge towards employment in high-profit businesses. This particular pattern requires research beyond the economic and institutional landscape.

Wessel T. 奥斯陆地区经济变化及增加的收入不均:知识密集型服务产业的重要性,区域研究。 本文对挪威 1993–2004 年间区域市场收入不均的增长进行了考察。使用两种方法,文章表明,大多数变化发生在知识密集型服务产业,且多出现在人口亚群中。实质性收入中的变化(组团间不均)以及经济部门间平衡的转化重要性较小。结果支持了生产路径与制度整合性相关研究,劳动力关系是其中重要的解释因素。然而,劳动力关系很难解释为何在高收益的产业中,男性较之女性、欧洲移民较之非欧洲移民比率更高。除了经济与制度领域的相关研究之外,解释这一特定的模式还需要其他相关知识。

增长不均 商业服务 劳动力流动性 奥斯陆

Wessel T. L'évolution économique et le creusement de l'inégalité de revenus dans la région d'Oslo: l'importance des services aux entreprises à forte intensité de connaissances, Regional Studies. On examine la croissance de l'inégalité des revenus du marché dans la région d'Oslo, en Norvège, entre 1993 et 2004. A partir de deux mesures, on montre que la plupart de la variation a eu lieu au sein des services aux entreprises à forte intensité de connaissances, et aussi dans des sous-groupes de la population. La variation du revenu moyen (dite ‘inégalité inter-groupe’) et les déplacements de l'équilibre des secteurs de l'économie s'avèrent moins importants. Les résultats mettent l'accent à la fois sur les sentiers productifs et les institutions. En particulier, il semble que les relations de travail sont un facteur décisif. Toujours est-il que les relations de travail n'expliquent guère pourquoi les hommes plutôt que les femmes, et les immigrés de l'Ouest plutôt que les immigrés non ressortissants des pays de l'Ouest, convergent vers l'emploi dans des entreprises très rentables. Cette structure nécessite des recherches qui vont au-delà des milieux économique et institutionnel.

Inégalité croissante Services aux enterprises Mobilité de la main-d'oeuvre Oslo

Wessel T. Wirtschaftlicher Wandel und zunehmendes Einkommensungleichgewicht in der Region Oslo: die Bedeutung von wissensintensiven Geschäftsdiensten, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird die Zunahme des Ungleichgewichts beim Markteinkommen in der norwegischen Region von Oslo im Zeitraum von 1993 bis 2004 untersucht. Anhand zweier Maßstäbe wird gezeigt, dass die meisten Veränderungen innerhalb von wissensintensiven Geschäftsdiensten und außerdem innerhalb bestimmter demografischer Untergruppen aufgetreten sind. Die Veränderungen beim mittleren Einkommen (‘Ungleichgewicht zwischen Gruppen') und die Verlagerungen im Gleichgewicht zwischen den verschiedenen Segmenten der Wirtschaft sind hingegen von geringerer Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für einen kombinierten Fokus auf produktive Wege und Institutionen. Eine wichtige Erklärungskraft kommt hierbei insbesondere den Arbeitsbeziehungen zu. Allerdings lässt sich anhand der Arbeitsbeziehungen kaum erklären, warum eher Männer als Frauen und eher westliche als nichtwestliche Einwanderer hinsichtlich einer Beschäftigung in hochrentablen Unternehmen konvergieren. Dieses spezielle Muster bedarf einer Erforschung, die über die wirtschaftlichen und institutionellen Grenzen hinausgeht.

Zunahme des Ungleichgewichts Geschäftsdienste Mobilität von Arbeitskräften Oslo

Wessel T. Cambio económico y el aumento de las desigualdades en los ingresos en la región de Oslo: la importancia de los servicios comerciales con alto nivel de conocimientos, Regional Studies. Analizamos el aumento de las desigualdades en los ingresos comerciales en la región de Oslo en Noruega entre 1993 y 2004. Con ayuda de dos mediciones, mostramos que los mayores cambios ocurrieron en los servicios empresariales con un uso intensivo de conocimientos, y además en determinados subgrupos demográficos. Los cambios en los ingresos medios (‘desigualdades entre grupos’) y los desplazamientos en el equilibrio entre los segmentos de la economía son factores de menor importancia. Los resultados respaldan un foco combinado en las rutas productivas y las instituciones. Una explicación particularmente importante podrían ser las relaciones laborales. Sin embargo, las relaciones laborales apenas pueden dar una explicación de por qué los hombres más que las mujeres, y los inmigrantes de países occidentales más que los de países no occidentales convergen hacia el empleo en negocios con beneficios altos. Este modelo particular requiere ser estudiado más allá del campo económico e institucional.

Aumento de desigualdades Servicios comerciales Movilidad de los trabajadores Oslo

JEL classifications:

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the anonymous referees, whose constructive comments improved the paper significantly.

Notes

A distinct ‘Nordic pattern’ existed for household disposable income. Norway, however, emerged as an outlier, at the very bottom, in terms of market income (Aaberge et al., Citation2000; Fritzell, Citation2001).

Institutions are broadly conceived as governance structures, formal laws and social rules. Laws and social rules will partly constrain behaviour and partly enable particular choices and actions, including collective actions. Studies of earnings inequality highlight the importance of the following institutions: collective bargaining, unionization, performance-based pay, regulation of the minimum wage, tax and transfer programmes, labour market regulations, and frameworks for education and training.

Confidentiality concerns complicate access to data on the whole population. This is the main reason for working with samples. Both samples were drawn by Statistics Norway.

Fortunately, none of the samples is censored or adjusted at the upper end. All individual incomes represent ‘true’ values.

These definitions have been applied for many years in Norwegian research and debate. They were changed, however, at the end of 2008. The new definitions distinguish between immigrants and descendants, and apply world regions as a geographical basis. The current study uses the old divisions, partly to reduce variation. The categories are not meant to capture how people see themselves, or how they relate to others.

The growth of the immigrant population alters the weights between subgroups, which raises the index value. However, it also moves the overall mean (‘the point of equality’) downwards, which in turn has a staggering effect on total inequality.

The difference between the MLD and T is partly explained by the weighting procedure.

The motivation behind tax exemptions has been to facilitate recruitment of highly skilled personnel. Such policies are usually put forward by conservative/liberal governments. The current Labour-dominated government (from 2005) pulls in a different direction. At present there are no tax exemptions on stock options.

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