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Original Articles

Grim down South? The Determinants of Unemployment Increases in British Cities in the 2008–2009 Recession

Pages 1761-1778 | Received 14 Feb 2011, Accepted 26 Jun 2012, Published online: 21 Aug 2012
 

Abstract

Lee N. Grim down South? The determinants of unemployment increases in British cities in the 2008–2009 recession, Regional Studies. This paper investigates the impact of the 2008–2009 recession on unemployment in the sixty largest cities in Great Britain. The key determinant of changes in unemployment was the skills of the population, with highly skilled cities experiencing smaller increases. Cities with employment in financial services or manufacturing sectors experienced larger increases in unemployment. Whether a city has a specialized or a diverse economy appears less important than the industries in which the city is specialized. The results highlight a problem as the largest unemployment increases were in cities seen as having least potential for future growth.

Lee N. 失业潮南下? 2008 至 2009 年经济衰退中,英国城市失业率增加的决定因素,区域研究。本文调研 2008 至 2009 年间经济衰退对英国六十大城市失业所造成的影响。影响失业率变化的主要决定因素是人口的技术。拥有高技术的城市失业率增加较少,以金融服务与制造业为主的城市则经历失业率的大幅增加。一个都市是否拥有专门或多元的经济,相对于该都市所专司的产业而言较不重要。研究结果突显了被视为拥有最少未来成长潜能的城市失业率增加最多之问题。

Lee N. Est-ce que la situation s'annonce mal dans le Sud? Les déterminants de l'augmentation du chômage dans les grandes villes en Grande-Bretagne pendant la récession de 2008 à 2009, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à examiner l'impact de la récession de 2008 à 2009 sur le chômage dans les soixante plus grandes villes en Grande-Bretagne. Le déterminant clé de la variation du chômage s'est avéré les compétences de la population, les grandes villes dotées d'une main-d'oeuvre hautement qualifiée accusant une augmentation moins élevée. Les grandes villes où l'emploi est dans les services financiers et la fabrication ont accusé une augmentation du chômage plus élevée. Ou l'économie d'une grande ville est spécialisée ou diversifiée semble être moins important que ne l'est la ventilation des secteurs industriels dans lesquels la grande ville se spécialise. Les résultats font ressortir un problème, à savoir, les augmentations les plus importantes ont été dans les grandes villes qui semblent susceptibles de donner le moins d'impulsion à la croissance future.

Lee N. Düster im Süden? Die Determinanten für den Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit in britischen Städten in der Rezession von 2008–2009, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen der Rezession von 2008–2009 auf die Arbeitslosigkeit in den 60 größten Städten Großbritanniens untersucht. Wichtigster Determinant für die Veränderungen bei der Arbeitslosigkeit war die Qualifikation der Bevölkerung; in Städten mit hoher Qualifikation stieg die Arbeitslosigkeit schwächer an. In Städten mit einem hohen Anteil von Arbeitnehmern im Finanzwesen oder in produzierenden Sektoren stieg die Arbeitslosigkeit stärker an. Ob eine Stadt eine spezialisierte oder vielfältige Wirtschaft aufweist, scheint eine weniger wichtige Rolle zu spielen als die Branchen, auf die die Stadt spezialisiert ist. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen ein Problem: Die Arbeitslosigkeit nahm in den Städten am stärksten zu, die das geringste Potenzial für künftiges Wachstum aufweisen.

Lee N. ¿Sombrío al sur? Los factores determinantes del aumento del desempleo en las ciudades británicas en la recesión de 2008–2009, Regional Studies. En este artículo investigamos el impacto de la recesión durante el periodo entre 2008 y 2009 en el desempleo en las sesenta ciudades más grandes del Reino Unido. El factor principal de cambios en el desempleo fue el nivel de estudios de la población, siendo las ciudades con personal más cualificado las que notaron los menores aumentos. Las ciudades con un alto porcentaje de empleo en servicios financieros o sectores manufactureros notaron mayores aumentos del desempleo. La cuestión de si una ciudad tiene una economía especializada o diversa parece ser menos importante que los sectores en los que está especializada la ciudad. Los resultados destacan un problema: el desempleo aumenta más en las ciudades con menos potencial para un futuro crecimiento.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Tony Champion, Jurgen Essletzbichler, Ian Gordon, Ian Brinkley, Damian Walne, Smita Srinivas, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, Alexandra Jones, and the anonymous referees for comments and suggestions.

Notes

1. The cities included are as follows (where parentheses detail changes from the States of the Cities data). The English TTWAs are: Barnsley; Birmingham; Blackburn; Blackpool; Bolton; Bournemouth; Bradford; Brighton; Bristol; Burnley, Nelson and Colne (for Burnley); Cambridge; Coventry; Crawley; Derby; Doncaster; Gloucester; Grimsby; Guildford and Aldershot (for Aldershot); Hastings; Huddersfield; Hull; Ipswich; Leeds; Leicester; Liverpool; London; Luton and Watford; Maidstone and North Kent (for Chatham); Manchester; Mansfield; Middlesbrough and Stockton (for Middlesbrough); Milton Keynes and Aylesbury (for Milton Keynes); Newcastle and Durham (for Newcastle); Northampton and Wellingborough (Northampton); Norwich; Nottingham; Oxford; Peterborough; Plymouth; Portsmouth; Preston; Reading and Bracknell; Rochdale and Oldham; Sheffield and Rotherham (for Sheffield); Southampton; Southend and Brentwood (for Southend); Stoke; Sunderland; Swansea Bay; Swindon; Telford and Bridgnorth; Wakefield and Castleford; Warrington and Wigan (for Warrington and Wigan); Wirral and Ellesmere Port (for Birkenhead); Worthing; York. In addition the following Welsh and Scottish TTWAs are included: Aberdeen, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Swansea Bay.

2. Using the same dataset, the Annual Population Survey, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) gives reductions in unemployment of 4.6% in Newark and Sherwood and 1.4% in Ashfield. Unemployment in the smaller Mansfield local authority district rose by 1.4% over the period.

3. For , column 7: F-statistic = 0.96, p = 0.4192. For , column 7: F-statistic = 1.32, p = 0.2806.

4. The author is grateful to an anonymous referee for suggesting this useful point.

5. Removing Mansfield makes little difference to the result for this table.

6. This relationship is not simply due to the spatial units (TTWAs) chosen. In a simple pairwise correlation between initial claimant count and subsequent percentage point change for 406 local authorities the coefficient is 0.596 (p = 0.0000). The same correlation for 344 local authorities for which the unemployment rate is available gives a correlation of –0.2627 (p = 0.0000).

7. A reviewer noted that if the study had a later end date this might mean the results for London were different. The extent to which this is the case, and the link with the introduction of further public money into the banking system, would be useful areas for future research.

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