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Abstract
Henderson A., Jeffery C., Wincott D. and Wyn Jones R. Reflections on the ‘devolution paradox’: a comparative examination of multilevel citizenship, Regional Studies. This paper addresses a paradox in the literature on federal and decentralized states: citizens want their regional governments to do more and yet seem reluctant to embrace the logical consequences of regional control, namely inter-regional policy variation and limited state-wide intervention in policy provision. Based on a survey conducted in fourteen regions across Austria, France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, the extent of this devolution paradox is clarified and variables that seem to mitigate or exacerbate its presence, including strength of regional identity, regional institutional authority and regional economic wealth, are identified. The analysis helps one to understand where and how multilevel citizenship operates.
Henderson A., Jeffery C., Wincott D. and Wyn Jones R. 反思“中央权力下放的矛盾”：多层级公民权的比较研究，区域研究。本文着手探究联邦与去中心化国家文献中存在的矛盾：公民们要求 区域政府做更多事，却似乎不愿接受区域控 制的逻辑性后果，亦即跨区域的政策差异，以及国家在全国政策提供方面的有限干预。本文根据在奥地利、法国、德国、西班牙与英国的十四个区域中所进行的调查，釐清此一中央权力下放的矛盾程度，并指认可减缓或深化此一问题的变项，包括区域认同强度、区域制度权威和区域经济财富。本研究有助于理解多层级公民权在何处以及如何运作。
公民权 公共政策 中央权力下放 区域 联邦主义
Henderson A., Jeffery C., Wincott D. et Wyn Jones R. Des réflexions sur le ‘paradoxe de la décentralisation’: un examen comparatif de la citoyenneté à plusieurs niveaux, Regional Studies. Ce présent article aborde un paradoxe dans la documentation au sujet des états fédéraux et décentralisés: à savoir, les citoyens veulent que leur administration régionale fasse plus et pourtant sont réticents à s'ouvrir aux conséquences logiques de la tutelle régionale, à savoir la variation de la politique sur le plan interrégional et l'intervention limitée de la politique à l'échelle de l'état. À partir d'une enquête auprès de quatorze régions à travers l'Autriche, la France, l'Allemagne, l'Espagne et le Royaume-Uni, on explique la portée du paradoxe de la décentralisation et on met en lumière les variables qui semblent pallier ou aggraver sa présence, y compris l'importance de l'identité régionale, la tutelle régionale et la richesse économique régionale. L'analyse permet de mieux comprendre où et comment fonctionne la citoyenneté à plusieurs niveaux.
Citoyenneté Politique publique Décentralisation Régions Fédéralisme
Henderson A., Jeffery C., Wincott D. und Wyn Jones R. Überlegungen zum ‘Paradox der Devolution’: eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Staatsbürgerschaft auf mehreren Ebenen, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Paradox in der Literatur über Bundes- und dezentralisierte Staaten untersucht: Die Bürger erwarten von ihren regionalen Regierungen mehr Aktivität, sträuben sich aber zugleich offenbar gegen die logischen Konsequenzen der regionalen Kontrolle, nämlich interregionale politische Schwankungen und eine eingeschränkte staatsweite Intervention in die Politik. Ausgehend von einer Erhebung unter 14 Regionen in Österreich, Frankreich, Deutschland, Spanien und Großbritannien wird das Ausmaß dieses Devolutionsparadoxes geklärt, und es werden Variablen identifiziert, die seine Präsenz offenbar abschwächen oder verstärken, darunter die Stärke der regionalen Identität, die Autorität der regionalen Institutionen und der wirtschaftliche Wohlstand der Region. Die Analyse hilft beim Verständnis der Frage, wo und wie eine Staatsbürgerschaft auf mehreren Ebenen funktioniert.
Staatsbürgerschaft Öffentliche Politik Devolution Regionen Föderalismus
Henderson A., Jeffery C., Wincott D. y Wyn Jones R. Observaciones sobre la paradoja de la descentralización: un análisis comparativo de la ciudadanía de varios niveles, Regional Studies. En este artículo tratamos una paradoja en la literatura sobre los Estados federales y descentralizados: los ciudadanos esperan más actividades de sus Gobiernos regionales y, sin embargo, parecen reacios a aceptar las consecuencias lógicas del control regional, es decir, la variación política interregional y la intervención limitada del Estado en la política. A raíz de un estudio llevado a cabo en catorce regiones de Austria, Francia, Alemania, España y el Reino Unido, aclaramos el alcance de esta paradoja de la descentralización e identificamos las variables que parecen mitigar o exacerbar su presencia, incluyendo la fuerza de la identidad regional, la autoridad institucional regional y la riqueza económica regional. Con este análisis podemos comprender dónde y cómo funciona la ciudadanía de varios niveles.
Ciudadanía Política pública Descentralización Regiones Federalismo
Acknowledgements
The CANS project was funded by research grants from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC; UK), the Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Austria), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany), and the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain). Fieldwork in France was funded by the Conseil Régional d' Alsace, the Conseil Régional de Bretagne and the Conseil Régional d' Ile de France. Additional funds were provided by the Centre d' Estudis d' Opinió (Spain) and, in the UK, by the Commission on Scottish Devolution, the Welsh Assembly Government, and the University of Edinburgh.
Notes
While the sensitivities attached to the word ‘region’ in places such as Scotland that are widely considered to be ‘nations’ are recognized, the authors nonetheless have retained the usual academic convention of using ‘regional’ to describe tiers of government smaller in scale than the state and bigger than local government. All alternatives appear to raise equally intractable – if different – problems.
While the relationship between the regional and state-wide scales was the primary focus of the project, the questionnaire also probed attitudes to the broader European and narrower local scales where appropriate.
‘Nation-state’ is another problematic term, not least given the limited extent to which national communities and state boundaries coincide in Europe and elsewhere. The authors prefer to use ‘state’ and ‘state-wide’ as a more neutral terminology determined by the administrative boundaries that demarcate states.
The absence of systematically comparative regional-level public attitudes research is one aspect of the ‘methodological nationalism’ critiqued here. The difficulty of finding research funding to carry out a study of the kind reported here meant that the authors were unable to include an English region or any regions from Sweden or Italy. The authors have subsequently fielded a CANS-type survey in England, finding considerable support for a sub-state level of government there. They hope to carry out further rounds of research and to include more regions and states within the CANS framework.
There is also a striking outlier: Ile-de-France. Ile-de-France is the richest region relative to others in its state (though less so in the perception of its inhabitants), but it is among the most supportive of inter-regional transfers. This may reflect its status as a capital city region dominated by the Paris conurbation; (greater) Parisians may have strongly ‘statist’ attitudes that reflect their location at the centre of the French state and outweigh the more instrumental calculations of material interest that appear to be present in other rich regions. Other work deriving from the CANS project is focusing on what appear to be the shared and distinctive characteristics of the two capital city regions in the dataset, namely the Ile-de-France and Vienna.
The analysis was also run using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. The results across the two forms of regression are not significantly different.
Brittany is a particularly interesting case, not least because of the presence of Wales among the historic regions group (the Welsh and Breton languages are closely related). The authors hope to return to this intermediate group in future analysis.