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Original Articles

Population Divergence and Income Convergence: Regional Distribution Dynamics for Norway

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Pages 1884-1895 | Received 10 Jul 2012, Accepted 05 Apr 2013, Published online: 21 Jun 2013
 

Abstract

Rattsø J. and Stokke H. E. Population divergence and income convergence: regional distribution dynamics for Norway, Regional Studies. Regional population divergence follows from in-migration to cities with high income levels. The dynamic relationship between population and income is investigated for Norwegian labour market regions using distribution analysis. Income convergence is shown to result from upward transitions in the income distribution by low- and middle-income regions, and the linkages between income growth and population growth are weak. The population-weighted income distribution diverges, since the expanding city-regions stay at the income top. People are moving to regions with the highest income levels, but these regions do not have the highest income growth.

Rattsø J. and Stokke H. E. 人口分歧与所得的趋同:挪威的区域分佈动态,区域研究。区域人口的分歧随着人口移入高所得的城市而来。本文将运用分佈分析,探讨挪威劳动市场区域中人口与所得的关联性。研究显示,所得趋同是由中、低所得区域的所得分佈向上移动所致,而所得成长与人口成长的关联性则是薄弱的。人口加权后的所得分佈则呈现分歧,因为扩张的城市区域仍停留在所得的顶端。人们往具有最高所得水平的区域移动,但这些区域并不享有最大的所得成长。

Rattsø J. et Stokke H. E. La divergence de la population et la convergence des revenus: la dynamique de la distribution régionale en Norvège, Regional Studies. La divergence de la population régionale s'explique par la migration à destination des grandes villes à revenu élevé. À partir d'une analyse de répartition, on examine le rapport dynamique entre la population et le revenu pour les zones d'emploi en Norvège. On montre que la convergence des revenus résulte des transitions vers le haut de la distribution des revenus dans les régions à bas et à moyens revenus, et les liens entre la croissance des revenus et l'augmentation de la population s'avèrent faibles. La distribution des revenus pondérée à partir de la population diverge, puisque les villes-régions en expansion restent en haut de la distribution des revenus. La population se déplace à destination des régions dont les niveaux de revenu sont les plus élevés, mais ces régions ne jouissent pas de la croissance des revenus la plus élevée.

Rattsø J. und Stokke H. E. Bevölkerungsdivergenz und Einkommenskonvergenz: die regionale Distributionsdynamik in Norwegen, Regional Studies. Die Divergenz bei der regionalen Bevölkerungsdichte ist das Ergebnis einer Zuwanderung in Städte mit hohem Einkommensniveau. Wir untersuchen mit Hilfe einer Distributionsanalyse die dynamische Beziehung zwischen Bevölkerungsdichte und Einkommen in norwegischen Arbeitsmarktregionen. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass die Einkommenskonvergenz auf einen Aufstieg von Regionen mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen in höhere Ebenen der Einkommensdistribution zurückzuführen ist und dass die Verknüpfungen zwischen Einkommens- und Bevölkerungswachstum schwach ausfallen. Die bevölkerungsgewichtete Einkommensdistribution divergiert, da die expandierenden Stadtregionen an der Spitze der Einkommensdistribution bleiben. Die Bevölkerung zieht in die Regionen mit dem höchsten Einkommensniveau, aber diese Regionen weisen nicht das höchste Einkommenswachstum auf.

Rattsø J. y Stokke H. E. Divergencia de la población y convergencia de rentas: dinámicas de la distribución regional en Noruega, Regional Studies. La divergencia en la densidad de población regional es el resultado de la inmigración a las ciudades con altos niveles de ingresos. Mediante un análisis de distribución examinamos la relación dinámica entre la población y los ingresos en las regiones del mercado laboral noruego. De los resultados se deduce que la convergencia de rentas se debe a un aumento de los ingresos en las regiones con ingresos bajos y medios, y a relaciones débiles entre el aumento de los ingresos y el incremento de la población. La distribución de ingresos ponderada por población difiere porque las regiones metropolitanas en expansión siguen teniendo el mayor nivel de ingresos. La población se desplaza a las regiones con los niveles de ingresos más altos, pero estas regiones no muestran el crecimiento de ingresos más alto.

JEL classifications:

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the data handling by Jo Jakobsen; background documentation and computer programs received from Thomas Herzfeld; discussions conducted at the 2010 European Regional Science Association (ERSA) conference, the 2011 Regional Studies Association (RSA) conference, the 2011 European Economic Association (EEA) conference, the 2011 Urban Economics Association (UEA) meeting, and at staff seminars at Brown University, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Statistics Norway, and the University of Bergen; and comments from Rolf Aaberge, Nathaniel Baum-Snow, Frank Bickenbach, Tony Champion, Oded Galor, Holger Görg, Vernon Henderson, Magne Mogstad, Isabel Tecu, Abigail Wozniak, and two anonymous referees. The project was funded by the Norwegian Research Council (Grant Number 174651).

Notes

1. NUTS is Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques.

2. No regional gross domestic product (GDP) measure is available. Personal income in the tax statistic includes wage income, social security and personal capital income. Income from firms is hard to locate at this level of disaggregation.

3. The unweighted average increase in population among the eighty-nine labour market regions is 11%, and the standard deviation is 22%.

4. The international net migration rate during 1980–2008 varies from 0.1% to 0.8%, but seventy-seven of the eighty-nine regions lie in the range 0.1–0.3%. Source: Norwegian Social Science Data Services.

5. The density estimates are calculated using a Gaussian kernel with a bandwidth set according to Silverman's rule of thumb; 1.06σB–0.2, where σ is the standard deviation of the data; and B is the number of observations. This gives bandwidths of 0.374 and 0.423 for 1972 and 2008, respectively.

6. As a robustness check the regions are also divided into three (rather than two) subsamples according to the population growth rate, and the findings are the same. The degree of population increase has limited effects on income transitions and the null hypothesis of equal transition probabilities across subsamples cannot be rejected at the 5% significance level.

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