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Original Articles

Do Cooperative Research and Development (R&D) Subsidies Stimulate Regional Innovation Efficiency? Evidence from Germany

Pages 1087-1110 | Received 07 Jun 2011, Accepted 15 May 2013, Published online: 12 Aug 2013
 

Abstract

Broekel T. Do cooperative research and development (R&D) subsidies stimulate regional innovation efficiency? Evidence from Germany, Regional Studies. The subsidization of research and development (R&D) and R&D cooperation has gained in importance in recent years. Building on a rich panel dataset, covering 270 German labour market regions and four industries, it is shown that subsidies for R&D cooperation are a suitable policy measure for stimulating the innovation efficiency of regions. The empirical findings suggest that regions with low innovation capacities benefit the most from cooperation among regional firms and subsidized links to non-regional public research institutes. The subsidization of cooperation with non-regional universities is more important for regions with large innovation capacities. Support for non-cooperative projects is related to negative effects.

Broekel T. 合作式研发 (R&D) 补助能否刺激区域创新的效率?来自德国的证据,区域研究。近年来,研发 (R&D) 与研发合作补助的重要性业已增加。本研究根据涵括德国二百七十个劳动市场区域与四类产业的丰富面板资料库,证明对研发合作的补助,是刺激区域创新效率的合适政策方法。经验研究发现指出,拥有低创新能力的区域,从区域厂商和非区域性的公共研究机构之补助连结中受益最多。补助与非区域大学的合作,对具有大型创新能力的区域而言更为重要。支持非合作式的计画,则与负面影响相关。

Broekel T. Les subventions aux activités de recherche et de développement (R et D) coopératives, est-ce qu'elles stimulent l'efficacité de l'innovation régionale? Des preuves provenant de l'Allemagne, Regional Studies. Le fait de subventionner la recherche et le développement (R et D) et la coopération R et D a gagné en importance au cours des dernières années. Sur la base d'un ensemble de données riche auprès de 270 zones d'emploi en Allemagne et de quatre industries, on montre que les subventions en faveur de la coopération en matière de recherche et de développement constituent une politique apte à stimuler l'efficacité de l'innovation régionale. Les résultats empiriques laissent supposer que les régions dont la capacité d'innovation est faible profitent le plus de la coopération parmi les entreprises régionales et des liens subventionnés aux institutions publiques de recherche non régionales. Le fait de subventionner la coopération avec les universités non régionales s'avère plus importante pour les régions dotées d'une grande capacité d'innovation. Le soutien aux projets non-coopératifs se rapporte à des effets négatifs.

Broekel T. Fördern Subventionen für kooperative Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) die regionale Innovationseffizienz? Belege aus Deutschland, Regional Studies. Die Subventionen für Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) und die Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der F&E haben in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen. Ausgehend von einem erweiterten Paneldatensatz für 270 deutsche Arbeitsmarktregionen und vier Branchen wird gezeigt, dass Subventionen für die Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der F&E eine geeignete politische Maßnahme zur Stimulation der Innovationseffizienz von Regionen darstellen. Aus den empirischen Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass Regionen mit geringer Innovationskapazität am stärksten von einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen regionalen Firmen und subventionierten Verbindungen zu nicht-regionalen öffentlichen Forschungsinstituten profitieren. Für Regionen mit hoher Innovationskapazität sind Subventionen für eine Zusammenarbeit mit nicht-regionalen Hochschulen wichtiger. Subventionen für nicht-kooperative Projekte sind mit negativen Auswirkungen verbunden.

Broekel T. ¿Estimulan las subvenciones para investigación y desarrollo (I+D) la eficiencia de la innovación regional? El ejemplo de Alemania, Regional Studies. La concesión de subvenciones a investigación y desarrollo (I+D) y la cooperación de I+D ha cobrado más importancia en los últimos años. A partir de un amplio grupo de datos de panel para 270 regiones del mercado laboral y cuatro industrias en Alemania, mostramos que las subvenciones para la cooperación de I+D representan una medida política adecuada para estimular la eficiencia de la innovación en las regiones. Los resultados empíricos indican que las regiones con bajas capacidades de innovación salen más beneficiadas de la cooperación entre las empresas regionales y los enlaces subvencionados con institutos públicos de investigación no regionales. La concesión de subvenciones a la cooperación con universidades no regionales es más importante para regiones con grandes capacidades de innovación. El apoyo a proyectos no cooperativos está relacionado con efectos negativos.

JEL classifications:

Notes

1. Note that Czarnitzki et al. (Citation2007) do not differentiate between subsidized and non-subsidized cooperation.

2. Other advantages include the possibility of simultaneously considering multiple output variables and that no distributions have to be specified for the error term, as well as for the efficiency estimate.

3. This represents the so-called output orientation. One may also ask for the necessary reduction in inputs (input orientation). It is argued here that the output orientation is more appropriate because the aim is to identify factors that are related to regions showing ‘maximal’ innovation output.

4. Technological conditions refer to the general way innovations are created in a particular year.

5. For a discussion of the use of patents as indicators of innovation, see Griliches (1990).

6. All estimations exclusively include subsidies from the German federal government, ignoring all support from other administrative levels such as the European Union and districts.

7. Values of this magnitude are induced by zero output but positive input. An output value of 0.01 is assigned to these regions to ensure a proper estimation.

8. The highest number of industry-regions with zero subsidies is 763 in the year 2000.

9. Moran's I-statistic for the regression's residuals is 0.04***.

10. The test statistic is the Lagrange multiplier (LM) = 585.67***.

11. The impact of differentiating between cooperation with regional and non-regional universities, as well as cooperation with regional and non-regional research institutes, respectively, was also tested. These results indicate that it is cooperation with non-regional organizations – universities as well as research institutes – that matters in this regard. The estimation results can be obtained from the author upon request.

12. Inter-industrial differences were also checked for. The industry-specific results for all regions (models 1–5) do not indicate differences between the industries. Splitting the sample and running industry-specific regressions for different types of regions is unfortunately not possible due to the lack of observations.

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