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Original Articles

Interrelating Dynamic Proximities by Bridging, Reducing and Producing Distances

Pages 1892-1907 | Received 18 Aug 2008, Accepted 21 Aug 2013, Published online: 12 Nov 2013
 

Abstract

Menzel M.-P. Interrelating dynamic proximities by bridging, reducing and producing distances, Regional Studies. The proximity concept explains the spatiality of relations and innovations with various dimensions of proximity. The paper adapts this framework to the processes of change. It integrates the interrelations between different dynamics into the nomenclature of proximity and distance. Three dynamics are proposed that both interfere with and enable interaction: learning, connecting and moving. These dynamics cause changes in cognitive, network and spatial proximity. Using these dynamics, two arguments are introduced as the basis for a concept of dynamic proximity: (1) proximity in one dimension enables interaction despite distance in other dimensions; and (2) reducing distance at the dyadic level produces distance as externality.

Menzel M.-P. 透过连接、减少与生产距离,相互连结动态邻近性,区域研究。邻近性的概念,以各种不同的邻近性面向解释了关係与创新的空间性。本文使此一架构适应于改变的过程。本文将不同动态间的相互关联性整合进邻近性与距离的命名。本文将提出三个同时妨碍并使互动成为可能的动态:学习、连结与移动。这些动态导致认知、网络与空间邻近性的改变。本文运用这些动态,引进做为动态邻近性概念基础的两大主张:(1)儘管在其他面向有所距离,一个面向上的邻近性亦可促成互动(2)在对偶层次减少距离,则会产生距离的外部性。

Menzel M.-P. L'interaction des proximités dynamiques en comblant, réduisant et produisant les distances, Regional Studies. La notion de proximité explique la spatialité des relations et des innovations à partir de diverses dimensions de proximité. Cet article adapte ce cadre au processus de changement. Il intègre l'interaction entre différentes dynamiques dans la nomenclature de la proximité et de la distance. On avance trois dynamiques qui à la fois entravent et entraînent l'interaction: l'apprentissage, la connectivité et le déplacement. Ces dynamiques provoquent des changements de la proximité cognitive, spatiale et de réseau. Employant ces dynamiques, on avance deux arguments comme point de départ pour la détermination de la notion de proximité dynamique: (1) la proximité dans un domaine entraîne l'interaction malgré la distance dans d'autres domaines; et (2) réduisant la distance au niveau dyadique amène à la distance comme externalité.

Menzel M.-P. Wechselbeziehungen dynamischer Nähe durch Überbrückung, Verringerung und Hervorbringung von Entfernungen, Regional Studies. Das Proximity-Konzept erklärt die Räumlichkeit von Beziehungen und Innovationen anhand verschiedener Dimensionen von Nähe. Dieser Aufsatz passt dieses Konzept an deren Veränderungen an. Hierzu werden Wechselbeziehungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Dynamiken in eine Nomenklatur von Nähe und Distanz integriert. Drei Dynamiken werden vorgeschlagen, die sich sowohl während Interaktionen überlagern als auch diese erst ermöglichen: Lernen, Verbinden und Bewegen verändern kognitive, Netzwerk- und räumliche Nähe. Auf Basis dieser Dynamiken werden zwei Argumente als Grundlage für ein dynamisches Proximity-Konzept entwickelt. Erstens ermöglicht Nähe in einer Dimension die Interaktion trotz Entfernung in anderen Dimensionen. Zweitens produziert die Reduktion von Distanzen auf der dyadischen Ebene Distanzen als Externalität.

Menzel M.-P. Correlación entre las proximidades dinámicas al superar, reducir y producir distancias, Regional Studies. El concepto de proximidad explica la espacialidad de las relaciones e innovaciones con diferentes dimensiones de proximidad. En este artículo se adapta este marco a los procesos de cambio. Se integran las interrelaciones entre diferentes dinámicas en la nomenclatura de proximidad y distancia. Se proponen tres dinámicas que interfieren con la interacción y la hacen posible: aprendizaje, conexión y movimiento. Estas dinámicas causan cambios en la proximidad cognitiva, espacial y de redes. Con arreglo a estas dinámicas, se exponen dos argumentos como base para un concepto de proximidad dinámica: Primero, la proximidad en una dimensión permite una interacción pese a la distancia en otras dimensiones; y segundo, la disminución de la distancia a nivel diádico produce la distancia como un efecto externo.

JEL classifications:

Acknowledgements

This paper has a long history, which involved several twists and turns. The author is thankful to the Editors of Regional Studies for their patience. The paper was considerably improved by the valuable suggestions and constructive criticism provided by several anonymous referees, who are all thanked here. Finally, the author is indebted to Ron Boschma, Gernot Grabher, Sebastian Henn, Koen Frenken and Paul Messerli for the valuable comments they made during different phases in the evolution of the paper.

Notes

1. For an overview of proximity types, see Knoben and Oerlemans (Citation2006) and Boschma (Citation2005).

2. Some scholars disentangle social and cognitive proximity (e.g., Boschma, Citation2005). Others consider the social as a part of cognitive proximity (e.g., Nooteboom, Citation2002). As the rationale for elaborating different forms of proximities is their change dynamics, all forms that change by learning are subsumed under a cognitive dimension.

3. In its analytical reach, graph theory is intended to form a connection between social science and natural science, as their protagonists argue that such different systems as economies, cells, the Internet, etc. all follow the same fundamental logics, at least on a certain level of abstraction (Barabasi, Citation2002; Watts, Citation2004).

4. Granovetter (Citation1985) makes a distinction between structural and relational mechanisms of embedding. Relational embedding describes the embedding of dyadic economic relations into social contexts. In the nomenclature of this paper, relational embedding takes place within the cognitive dimension. Structural embedding refers to the network structure, which is the topic of this section.

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