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Original Articles

The Regional Application of the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI): The Case of Spain

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Pages 1977-1994 | Received 01 Dec 2012, Published online: 26 Mar 2014
 

Abstract

Ács Z. J., Szerb L., Ortega-Argilés R., Aidis R. and Coduras A. The regional application of the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI): the case of Spain, Regional Studies. This paper constructs a regional application of the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) that captures the contextual features of entrepreneurship across regions. Using institutional data and survey data, weaknesses in the incentive structure that affect regional development can be identified. The entrepreneurial disparities among regions are analysed at the country and regional levels using a penalty for bottleneck methodology. The methodology allows public policy action to be coordinated at both national and regional levels. It is found that GEDI provides a valuable tool for understanding regional differences across Spanish regions.

Ács Z. J., Szerb L., Ortega-Argilés R., Aidis R. and Coduras A. 全球创业精神与发展指标(GEDI)的区域应用:西班牙的案例,区域研究。本文建立一个全球创业精神与发展指标(GEDI)的区域应用,该指标捕捉各区域中创业精神的脉络化特徵。本研究运用制度数据与调查数据,指认影响区域发展的诱因结构中的弱点。本研究并使用瓶颈损失(penalty for bottleneck)之方法,分析国家与区域层级中,创业精神的区域落差。该方法让公共政策行动得以在国家及区域层级同时进行调节。本研究发现,GEDI 提供了理解西班牙各区域间的区域差异的可贵工具。

Ács Z. J., Szerb L., Ortega-Argilés R., Aidis R. et Coduras A. L'application régionale de l'indice GEDI: étude de cas de l'Espagne, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à construire une application régionale de l'indice GEDI (Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index) qui saisit les caractéristiques contextuelles de l'esprit d'entreprise à travers les régions. À partir des données institutionnelles et des sondages, il est à noter les faiblesses de la structure des incitations qui risquent d'influer sur l'aménagement du territoire. Employant la méthodologie appellée la pénalité pour goulot d’étranglement (penalty for bottleneck ; PFB), on analyse l’écart entrepreneurial entre les régions sur le plan national et à l’échelon régional. Cette méthodologie permet la coordination des mesures prises à l'initiative des pouvoirs publics à la fois sur le plan national et à l’échelon régional. Il s'avère que l'indice GEDI fournit un outil inestimable pour comprendre les différences régionales à travers les régions espagnoles.

Ács Z. J., Szerb L., Ortega-Argilés R., Aidis R. und Coduras A. Die regionale Anwendung des Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI): der Fall Spanien, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag entwickeln wir eine regionale Anwendung des Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) zur Erfassung der kontextuellen Merkmale des Unternehmertums in verschiedenen Regionen. Anhand von institutionellen und Erhebungsdaten lassen sich Schwächen in der Anreizstruktur identifizieren, die sich auf die Regionalentwicklung auswirken. Die Disparitäten des Unternehmertums in verschiedenen Regionen werden auf Landes- und Regionalebene unter Verwendung eines Korrekturabschlags für die Flaschenhals-Methode analysiert. Diese Methode ermöglicht die Koordination von Maßnahmen der öffentlichen Politik auf nationaler und regionaler Ebene. Es zeigt sich, dass der GEDI ein nützliches Instrument zum Verständnis der Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen spanischen Regionen darstellt.

Ács Z. J., Szerb L., Ortega-Argilés R., Aidis R. y Coduras A. Aplicación regional del Índice Global de Emprendimiento y Desarrollo (GEDI): el caso de España, Regional Studies. En este artículo desarrollamos una aplicación regional del Índice Global de Emprendimiento y Desarrollo (GEDI) que capta las características contextuales del interés empresarial en todas las regiones. A partir de datos institucionales y de estudios, podemos identificar las deficiencias en la estructura de incentivos que afectan al desarrollo regional. Analizamos las desigualdades empresariales entre las regiones de ámbito nacional y regional mediante un criterio de sanciones para la metodología del embotellamiento. Con esta metodología se pueden coordinar las medidas políticas de ámbito público tanto a nivel nacional como regional. Observamos que el GEDI es una herramienta valiosa para comprender las diferencias regionales en España.

JEL classifications:

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the national teams for permission to use the data; the Spanish team for the regional data; and three anonymous referees for helpful comments. Éva Komlósi recalculated the results according to the amended the GEDI methodology introduced in January 2013. All errors and omissions are the authors’ responsibility.

Funding

László Szerb would like to thank the OTKA Research Foundation [NK 69283] for financial support. Zoltan J. Acs thanks Imperial College Business School for supporting his study leave.

Notes

1. For a review of the literature, see Acs (Citation2010).

2. For further discussion, see Acs et al. (Citation2014).

3. For the description of the full methodology, see Szerb and Acs (Citation2011) and Acs et al. (Citation2014).

4. NUTS is Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques. For the Eurostat regional homepage, see: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/introduction/.

5. For more information on the NUTS classification, see: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introduction/.

6. The URBANIZATION variable is not used on its own in GEDI; rather it is combined with the MARKETDOM variable to make up the MARKETAGGLOM institutional variable used by GEDI.

7. Since Ceuta and Melilla are no more than small Spanish enclave towns, they are not included in the further analysis.

8. Innovation-driven economies are defined according to the World Competitiveness Survey categorization (Schwab and Porter Citation2008).

9. The source is Schwab and Porter (Citation2008), p. 9. The list of innovation-driven countries is: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korean Republic, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, UK, and the United States. 2008 data exist for countries shown in italics.

10. ‘Optimal’ in the sense of maximizing the GEDI value.

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