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Original Articles

Access to Universities' Public Knowledge: Who is More Regionalist?

, &
Pages 446-459 | Received 08 Aug 2013, Accepted 23 Apr 2014, Published online: 24 Sep 2014
 

Abstract

Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. Access to universities' public knowledge: who is more regionalist?, Regional Studies. This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of firms’ absorptive capacity and universities’ production capacity in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997–2007, it is found that fostering university research and development (R&D) capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region.

Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. 取得大学公共知识的管道:何者更加区域主义?区域研究。本文追溯从大学至企业的专利引用,而非较常见的专利至专利或论文至专利的引用。本文将区域与非区域引用解释为一个区域中的公司吸收能力与大学生产能力之功能,而非将之解释为引用和被引用区域之间的距离功能。本研究运用1997 至 2007 年欧盟区域数据集,发现促进大学研发(R&D)能力,可增加地方大学的知识基础对于该区公司的吸引力,但却会同时减少对大学知识的广泛追求。增加地方商业的吸收能力,能鼓励公司获取区域之外的大学知识。

Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. et Coronado D. L'accès aux connaissances publiques des universités: qui est plus régionaliste?, Regional Studies. Ce présent article cherche à suivre le progrès des citations de brevet université-entreprise plutôt que les citations brevet-brevet ou article-brevet, comme c'est généralement le cas. On explique les citations régionales et non-régionales en fonction de la capacité d'absorption des entreprises et de la capacité de production des universités dans la région plutôt que de les expliquer en fonction de la distance entre les régions qui citent et celles qui sont citées. Employant un ensemble de données auprès des régions de l'Union européenne entre 1997 à 2007, il s'avère que favoriser la capacité de recherche et de développement (R et D) des universités augmente l'attractivité de la base de connaissance de l'université locale aux entreprises dans la région, mais réduit également la recherche plus large pour ce qui est de la connaissance universitaire. Augmenter la capacité d'absorption du commerce local encourage les entreprises à avoir accès à la connaissance universitaire en provenance de l'extérieur de la région.

Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. und Coronado D. Zugriff auf das öffentliche Wissen von Universitäten: Wer ist regionalistischer?, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag werden die Patentzitate von Universitäten zu Firmen statt der üblicheren Zitate von Patent zu Patent oder von Artikel zu Patent untersucht. Die regionalen und nichtregionalen Zitate werden nicht als Funktion der Entfernung zwischen den zitierenden und zitierten Regionen, sondern als Funktion der Absorptionskapazität von Firmen und der Produktionskapazität von Universitäten in der Region erläutert. Anhand eines Datensatzes für die Regionen der Europäischen Union im Zeitraum von 1997 bis 2007 stellen wir fest, dass eine Förderung der universitären Kapazität für Forschung und Entwicklung die Attraktivität der Wissensbasis der lokalen Universität für die Firmen in der Region erhöht, aber auch eine ausgedehntere Suche nach universitärem Wissen reduziert. Eine Erhöhung der Absorptionskapazität lokaler Unternehmen ermutigt Firmen zum Zugriff auf universitäres Wissen außerhalb der Region.

Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. y Coronado D. Acceso al conocimiento público de las universidades: ¿quién es más regionalista?, Regional Studies. En este artículo se investigan las citas en patentes de empresas a universidades, en lugar de realizar un análisis más convencional sobre citas de patentes a patentes o de patentes a artículos. Las citas regionales y no regionales se explican en función de la capacidad de absorción de las empresas y de la capacidad productiva de las universidades de la región, en vez de explicar las citas en función de la distancia entre las regiones citantes y citadas. Mediante el uso de una base de datos de las regiones de la Unión Europea con información desde 1997 a 2007, los resultados muestran que estimular la capacidad universitaria en I+D aumenta la predilección de las empresas de la región por la base de conocimiento de universidades locales, pero también reduce su interés por realizar búsquedas más amplias de conocimiento universitario. Incrementar la capacidad de absorción de las empresas locales fomenta su acceso al conocimiento universitario de otras regiones.

JEL classifications:

Acknowledgements

This research was conducted within ERAWATCH, a joint initiative of the European Commission's Directorate General for Research and the Joint Research Centre-Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS). Joaquín M. Azagra-Caro is grateful to René van Bavel and Xabier Goenaga for their institutional support, and to the international consortium that produced the database, especially Henry Etzkowitz, Marina Ranga, and members of Incentim and CWTS, led, respectively, by Bart van Looy and Robert J. W. Tijssen. Previous versions of the paper were presented at the 2012 Technology Transfer Society Annual Conference, the 2013 Conference of the EU-SPRI Forum, the 2013 Triple Helix Conference, and the 2013 ISSI Conference. The authors acknowledge helpful comments made by the audience. The views expressed here are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission.

Notes

1. Obviously many different situations coexist in Europe as the level of spending depends on the capacity of the region to put in practice its own innovation policy. Baier et al. (Citation2013) propose a set of indicators to account for aspects of regional autonomy that allow an assessment to be made about to what degree European regions are actually able to develop and shape innovation policies.

2. The discussion about this way of capturing absorptive capacity continues in the empirical framework section.

3. Spatial interactions models have been widely used to account for spillovers and collaboration between spatial units. They can be grouped under the generic heading ‘gravity models’. Spatial interaction models represent a variable capturing the flow of knowledge between region i and region j in function of factor characterizing region i and region j plus a factor that measures the separation from i to j.

4. Two-, three- or even five-year lags between the dependent and independent variables are considered in the patenting literature. In the present case the specification of lag structures should not be of major concern because the explanatory variables are supposed to be stable over the years.

Additional information

Funding

This research was extended with funding from Project 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Project number 201010I004 of the CSIC and by the Junta de Andalucia [project number P08-SEJ-03981].

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