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Abstract
Østergaard C. R. and Park E. What makes clusters decline? A study on disruption and evolution of a high-tech cluster in Denmark, Regional Studies. Most studies on regional clusters focus on identifying factors and processes that make clusters grow. However, sometimes technologies and market conditions suddenly shift, and clusters decline. This paper analyses the process of decline of the wireless communication cluster in Denmark. The longitudinal study on the high-tech cluster reveals that technological lock-in and exit of key firms have contributed to decline. Entrepreneurship has a positive effect on the cluster's adaptive capabilities, while multinational companies have contradicting effects by bringing in new resources to the cluster but being quick to withdraw in times of crisis.
Østergaard C. R. and Park E. 导致集群衰落的原因？丹麦一个高科技集群的断裂和演化之研究，区域研究。区域集群的研究，多半聚焦于指认造成集群成长的因素和过程。但有时技术和市场条件会突然转变，致使集群衰落。本文分析丹麦一个无线通信集群的衰落过程。对高科技集群进行的纵贯性研究，揭露了关键厂商的技术锁定与离开，导致了集群的衰落。创业精神，对集群的调适能力有正面影响；跨国公司则为集群带入新的资源、但在危机时刻却快速抽离，因而具有矛盾的影响。
Østergaard C. R. et Park E. Qu'est-ce qui explique le déclin des clusters? Une étude de la dégradation et de l’évolution d'un cluster à la pointe de la technologie au Danemark, Regional Studies. La plupart des études au sujet des clusters régionaux cherchent principalement à identifier les facteurs et les processus qui pilotent la croissance des clusters. Cependant, quelquefois les technologies et les conditions du marché se modifient rapidement, et les clusters se dégradent. Cet article analyse le processus de déclin en ce qui concerne le cluster de la communication sans fil au Danemark. L’étude longitudinale du cluster à la pointe de la technologie laisse voir que l'enclavement et la sortie technologiques des entreprises clés ont contribué au déclin. L'esprit d'entreprise a un effet positif sur les capacités d'adaptation du cluster, tandis que les sociétés multinationales ont des effets contraires en apportant de nouvelles ressources au cluster mais également n'hesitant pas à s'en retirer en temps de crise.
Østergaard C. R. und Park E. Was führt zum Niedergang von Clustern? Studie über die Störung und Evolution eines Hightech-Clusters in Dänemark, Regional Studies. Im Mittelpunkt der meisten Studien über regionale Cluster stehen die identifizierenden Faktoren und Prozesse, die Cluster wachsen lassen. Allerdings können sich die technischen und Marktbedingungen manchmal plötzlich ändern, was zum Niedergang von Clustern führt. In diesem Beitrag wird der Prozess des Niedergangs eines Mobilfunk-Clusters in Dänemark analysiert. Aus der Longitudinalstudie des Hightech-Clusters geht hervor, dass der technologische Lock-in-Effekt und die Schließung wichtiger Firmen zum Niedergang beigetragen haben. Das Unternehmertum wirkt sich positiv auf die Anpassungsfähigkeit des Clusters aus, während multinationale Unternehmen mit widersprüchlichen Auswirkungen verbunden sind, da sie neue Ressourcen in den Cluster einbringen, sich aber in Krisenzeiten auch wieder schnell zurückziehen.
Østergaard C. R. y Park E. ¿Qué provoca el declive de las aglomeraciones? Un estudio sobre la disrupción y evolución de una aglomeración de alta tecnología en Dinamarca, Regional Studies. La mayoría de los estudios sobre aglomeraciones regionales se centran en identificar factores y procesos que hacen crecer las aglomeraciones. Sin embargo, a veces las tecnologías y condiciones del mercado cambian de golpe causando el declive de las aglomeraciones. En este artículo analizamos el proceso de declive de una aglomeración de comunicación inalámbrica en Dinamarca. El estudio longitudinal sobre la aglomeración de alta tecnología indica que la dependencia tecnológica y la salida de empresas principales han contribuido a este declive. El empresariado tiene un efecto positivo en las capacidades de adaptación de la aglomeración, mientras que las empresas multinacionales tienen efectos contradictorios porque aunque aportan nuevos recursos a la aglomeración se dan prisa por desaparecer en tiempos de crisis.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the discussants at: the Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics (DRUID) Society conference 2012; the Regional Innovation Policy conference 2012; and the Association of American Geographers (AAG) Annual meeting 2012; as well as the two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Christian Richter Østergaard http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-202X
Notes
1. The average age of the cluster firms is about 11.5 years; the average size in terms of employees is 51; while the average size in terms of gross profit is about €3 million (this figure is only available for 38 firms). Fourteen companies (about 30% of the cluster firms) are foreign owned and their employees account for about 66% of the total employee population in the cluster.
2. The evolution of mobile communication technologies can be explained well by technological life cycles (Dalum et al., Citation2005). Different generations of mobile communication technology (1G–4G) have life cycles of their own. Within each generation, different systems were developed in different parts of the world (e.g. Nordic countries, Central Europe, the United States and Asia), and competed with each other. The first-generation technology system (1G) was represented by analogue mobile systems. In 1981, the Nordic mobile telephony operators launched the first cross-national public mobile telephony system, called NMT.