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Articles

Human Capital Externalities: Effects for Low-Educated Workers and Low-Skilled Jobs

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Pages 1675-1687 | Received 10 Dec 2013, Accepted 12 May 2015, Published online: 08 Jul 2015
 

Abstract

Broersma L., Edzes A. J. E. and van Dijk J. Human capital externalities: effects for low-educated workers and low-skilled jobs, Regional Studies. Investments in human capital are essential themes in many policy programmes. Besides the direct private returns of education, there is evidence of positive human capital externalities at the level of regions and firms. The results in this paper show that both production and consumption externalities have positive effects on wages. Production externalities are transmitted at the level of firms and not at the regional level. For workers in low-skilled jobs, consumption externalities dominate production externalities. Workers on low-skilled jobs earn higher wages when working in cooperation with workers in high-skilled jobs, while for low-educated workers such cooperation with high-educated workers is negative.

Broersma L., Edzes A. J. E. and van Dijk J. 人力资本外部性:对教育程度较低的工人与低技术工作的影响,区域研究。对人力资本进行投资,是诸多政策计画的核心主题。教育除了带来直接的私人回馈之外,亦有证据显示,其在区域及厂商层级具有正面的人力资本外部性。本文的研究结果显示,生产和消费的外部性,皆对薪资具有正面影响。生产外部性在厂商层级进行传播,而不在区域层级传播。对从事低技术工作的劳工而言,消费外部性支配了生产外部性。从事低技术工作的劳工,若与从事高技术工作的劳工合作的话,将会获得更高的薪资,但对教育程度低的劳工而言,与受高等教育的劳工合作的话,影响则是负面的。

Broersma L., Edzes A. J. E. et van Dijk J. Les effets externes du capital humain: l'impact sur les travailleurs peu qualifiés et les emplois à faible niveau de compétence, Regional Studies. Les investissements dans le capital humain constituent des thèmes essentiels de beaucoup de programmes politiques. Outre le rendement privé direct de l’éducation, il est à constater des effets externes positifs du capital humain au niveau des régions et à l’échelle des entreprises. Dans ce présent article, les résultats montrent que les effets externes dus à la production et à la consommation ont des effets positifs sur les salaires. Les effets externes dus à la production se transmettent à l’échelle des entreprises et non pas au niveau des régions. Pour les travailleurs dans les emplois à faible compétence, les effets externes dus à la consommation dominent les effets externes dus à la production. Les travailleurs dans les emplois à faible compétence sont mieux rémunérés quand ils travaillent en collaboration avec les travailleurs dans les emplois à niveau de compétence élevé, tandis que pour les travailleurs peu qualifiés une telle coopération avec les travailleurs hautement qualifiés s'avère négative.

Broersma L., Edzes A. J. E. und van Dijk J. Externalitäten des Humankapitals: Auswirkungen auf Arbeitnehmer mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau und in gering qualifizierten Stellen, Regional Studies. Investitionen in Humankapital sind zentrale Themen in zahlreichen politischen Programmen. Neben den direkten privaten Bildungsrenditen liegen Belege für positive Externalitäten des Humankapitals auf der Ebene von Regionen und Firmen vor. Aus den Ergebnissen dieses Beitrags geht hervor, dass sich die Externalitäten der Produktion und des Verbrauchs beide positiv auf die Löhne auswirken. Externalitäten der Produktion werden nicht auf Regional-, sondern auf Firmenebene übertragen. Für Arbeitnehmer in gering qualifizierten Stellen dominieren Externalitäten des Verbrauchs gegenüber den Externalitäten der Produktion. Arbeitnehmer in gering qualifizierten Stellen verdienen mehr, wenn sie mit Arbeitnehmern in hoch qualifizierten Stellen zusammenarbeiten, während sich eine solche Zusammenarbeit mit höher gebildeten Arbeitnehmern für Arbeitnehmer mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau negativ auswirkt.

Broersma L., Edzes A. J. E. y van Dijk J. Externalidades del capital humano: efectos en trabajadores con baja formación y en empleos poco cualificados, Regional Studies. Los temas principales de muchos programas políticos son las inversiones en capital humano. Además de la directa rentabilidad privada de la formación, existen pruebas de externalidades positivas del capital humano en un ámbito regional y empresarial. Los resultados en este artículo muestran que tanto las externalidades de producción como las de consumo tienen efectos positivos en los salarios. Las externalidades de producción no se transmiten en un ámbito regional sino más bien empresarial. Para los trabajadores en empleos poco cualificados, las externalidades de consumo dominan a las externalidades de producción. Los trabajadores con empleos poco cualificados ganan salarios más altos cuando colaboran con trabajadores con empleos altamente cualificados, mientras que para los trabajadores con baja formación, esta cooperación con trabajadores con alta formación tiene un efecto negativo.

JEL classifications:

Notes

1 This definition of consumption externality is not the same as externality through consumption amenities (such as restaurants, theatres and so on). Nor does it refer to gains in individual utility that goes with large or skilled cities. The latter is sometimes referred to technological externality (Glaeser et al., Citation2001). Instead, the present definition merely serves as a clear (and kind of opposite) distinction from the more usual production externality.

2 This paper ignores the fact that skill can also be seen as a characteristic of a person when it concerns his or her competences to fill a job.

3 Stata version 8 (2013), which allows for the estimation of multilevel models with maximum likelihood estimation, is used. See Hox (Citation1998) for more on multilevel modelling.

4 Not mentioned here is the fact that the actual number of observations on individuals N with which the model is estimated depends on the type of variables that enter the model, but on average amount to 368 500.

5 Educational attainment is classified in low, medium and high education. Low educated is defined as those whose highest educational attainment is primary (International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 0, 1) and secondary education, first stage (ISCED 2). Intermediately educated is those who have attained at least higher and post-secondary education (ISCED 3, 4). High educated is those who have attained at least an education of a tertiary and above level.

6 The definition and calculation of variables is described in Appendix A in the Supplemental data online.

7 Average education level is available for all 443 municipalities existing in 2007 for the total period 1996–2007 from various issues of the Statistics Netherlands’ Labour Force Survey (LFS). This municipal information is next rearranged to the same regional zip code level as the one already used in the WCS.

8 The skill types in the WCS stem from a specific classification used by the Ministry of Social Affairs, which has been converted here into the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) of Statistics Netherlands. This SOC distinguishes occupations in elementary, low skilled, intermediately skilled, and high-skilled and scientifically skilled.

9 These estimation results are available from the authors upon request.

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