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Original Articles

Social polarization in global cities: measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality

Pages 1612-1621 | Received 16 Dec 2015, Accepted 26 Jul 2016, Published online: 06 Oct 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Social polarization in global cities: measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality. Regional Studies. There is a paradox in the scholarly contributions to the social polarization debate. Studies that rely on occupational descriptions to measure employment change produce results that take the form of a professionalizing pattern of growth. By contrast, studies that rank occupations by income to measure employment change produce evidence in support of social polarization. This study applies both methods to measure employment change in greater Johannesburg (South Africa) from 1996 to 2012 in order to demonstrate why these different methods produce such different results. The results have important implications for how statistical evidence is used to test the social polarization hypothesis.

摘要

全球城市的社会极化:测量收入和职业不平等的改变。区域研究。学术界对于社会极化之辩论的贡献有着自相矛盾之处。仰赖职业描述来测量就业变迁的研究,生产了採用成长模式专业化的形式之结果。反之,以所得对职业进行排名来测量就业变迁的研究,则生产了支持社会极化的证据。本研究将上述两造方法,应用至(南非)大约翰内斯堡地区自1996年至2012年的就业变迁测量中,以证实这些不同的方法为何生产出殊异的结果。研究结果对于统计证据如何用来检定社会极化假说具有重要的意涵。

RÉSUMÉ

La polarisation sociale dans les villes mondiales: la mesure de l’évolution des revenus et de l’inégalité professionnelle. Regional Studies. Il y a quelque chose de paradoxal dans les publications académiques qui contribuent au débat sur la polarisation sociale. Les études qui comptent sur des descriptions des professions pour mesurer l’évolution de l’emploi produisent des résultats sous la forme d’un schéma de croissance professionnalisant. Par contre les études qui classent les professions en fonction du revenu pour mesurer l’évolution de l’emploi présentent des preuves à l’appui de la polarisation sociale. Cette étude applique les deux méthodes à la mesure de l’évolution de l’emploi à Johannesburg métroplitaine (en Afrique du Sud) entre 1996 et 2012 afin de démontrer les raisons pour lesquelles ces diverses méthodes produisent des résultats tellement différents. Les résultats ont d’importantes conséquences quant à l’emploi des preuves statistiques pour vérifier l’hypothèse de la polarisation sociale.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Soziale Polarisierung in Weltstädten: Messung von Veränderungen bei der Einkommens- und beruflichen Ungleichheit. Regional Studies. In den wissenschaftlichen Beiträgen zur Debatte über soziale Polarisierung gibt es ein Paradox. Studien, die sich zur Messung von Veränderungen der Beschäftigungslage auf Berufsbeschreibungen verlassen, führen zu Ergebnissen in Form eines professionalisierenden Wachstumsmusters. Demgegenüber liefern Studien, in denen die Berufe zur Messung von Veränderungen der Beschäftigungslage nach dem Einkommen gestaffelt werden, Belege für eine soziale Polarisierung. In dieser Studie werden beide Methoden angewandt, um die Veränderungen der Beschäftigungslage im Großraum Johannesburg (Südafrika) im Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2012 zu messen und um nachzuweisen, warum diese verschiedenen Methoden zu solch unterschiedlichen Resultaten führen. Die Ergebnisse haben wichtige Auswirkungen auf die Art der Nutzung von statistischen Belegen zur Überprüfung der Hypothese der sozialen Polarisierung.

RESUMEN

Polarización social en metrópolis mundiales: medición de los cambios en las desigualdades salariales y laborales. Regional Studies. Existe una paradoja en las contribuciones académicas al debate sobre la polarización social. Los estudios que confían en las descripciones laborales para medir el cambio de empleo producen resultados en forma de un patrón profesionalizado de crecimiento. En cambio, los estudios que clasifican los empleos en función de los ingresos para medir el cambio laboral presentan pruebas en apoyo de la polarización social. En este estudio se aplican ambos métodos para medir el cambio laboral en el área metropolitana de Johannesburgo (Sudáfrica) durante el periodo de 1996 a 2012 para demostrar por qué estos diferentes métodos dan resultados tan distintos. Los resultados tienen consecuencias importantes en cuanto a cómo se utilizan las pruebas estadísticas para comprobar la hipótesis de la polarización social.

JEL:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was made possible with the technical assistance provided by the staff at DataFirst (University of Cape Town), specifically Andrew Kerr, Takwanisa Machemedze and Lynn Woolfrey.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. This method is based on an earlier study conducted under the supervision of Joseph Stiglitz when he was chairperson of the US Council of Economic Advisors (Citation1996) and by Goos and Manning (Citation2007) and Wright and Dwyer (Citation2003).

2. These data files and the supporting documents are freely available from DataFirst at the University of Cape Town (see https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/).

3. The four-digit occupational classification was not used for the 1994 and 1995 October Household Surveys, so they had to be excluded from the analysis.

4. The sample size of the employed workforce for the 1996 survey was 3121 and for the 2012 survey it was 4547. Taking into consideration the size of the variance of each estimate, these sample sizes ensured 95% standard errors of less than 4% for the percentage estimate of employment in each decile of income-ranked occupations and of less than 3% for the percentage estimates of employment in each major group of occupations. The implications of these levels of precision will be dealt with in the discussion of the research results.

5. The 95% confidence intervals of these estimates allowed one to distinguish between deciles with high-employment growth, on the one hand (deciles 1, 2, 9 and 10), and all but one of the deciles of low-employment growth, on the other hand (deciles 3–8). Specifically, the statistical difference between employment change in decile 1 is not statistically significant from the estimate of employment change in decile 8 because the confidence intervals of these two estimates overlap.

6. In greater Johannesburg, employment in the occupational group of ‘Farmhands and Labourers’ is comprised largely of labourers in plant nurseries and domestic gardeners.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation [grant number 85462]; and by the University of Cape Town [under the Block Grant].

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