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Original Articles

Political budget cycles and divided government

Pages 444-456 | Received 02 Sep 2016, Published online: 19 May 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Political budget cycles and divided government. Regional Studies. This study empirically examines the effect of divided governments on the existence of political budget cycles. It uses a setting at the German municipality level, where divided governments occur frequently and can be clearly disentangled from the underlying political system. In this setting, the executive does not have full discretion over expenditures and tax rates, and needs support from the legislative to manipulate policy before executive elections. The study shows that political budget cycles in expenditures and tax rates are more likely when the same party controls executive and legislative. Under divided government, policy manipulation is significantly smaller.

摘要

政治预算週期与分裂的政府。Regional Studies. 本研究在经验上检视分裂政府对于政治预算週期存在之影响。本研究运用德国市政层级的环境,其中分裂政府经常发生,且能够从其支撑的政治系统中明确分离。在此般环境中,行政长官无法全权斟酌支出与税率,并且需要来自立法部门在行政选举前对市政的支持。此一研究显示,当相同政党控制行政与立法部门时,更可能出现支出与税率的政治预算週期。在分裂政府之下,政策操作则明显较少。

RÉSUMÉ

Les cycles budgétaires politiques et une administration divisée. Regional Studies. Cette présente étude cherche à examiner de manière empirique l’impact des administrations divisées sur l’existence des cycles budgétaires politiques. On emploie un cadre municipal en Allemagne, où des administrations divisées se produisent souvent et peuvent être clairement démêlées du système politique sous-jacent. Dans ce cadre, le corps exécutif n’a pas la discrétion absolue quant aux dépenses et aux taux d’imposition, et a besoin du soutien du corps législatif pour manipuler la politique avant les élections au corps exécutif. L’étude montre que les cycles budgétaires politiques quant aux dépenses et aux taux d’imposition sont plus probables au moment où le même parti politique contrôle à la fois le corps exécutif et le corps législatif. Sous une administration divisée, la manipulation de la politique est beaucoup moins évidente.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Politische Budgetzyklen und geteilte Regierung. Regional Studies. In dieser Studie wird die Auswirkung einer geteilten Regierung auf die Existenz politischer Budgetzyklen untersucht. Als Beispiel hierfür dient die deutsche Kommunalebene, auf der es häufig zu geteilten Regierungen kommt, die sich eindeutig vom zugrunde liegenden politischen System trennen lassen. In einer solchen Situation kann die Exekutive die Ausgaben und Steuersätze nicht nach freiem Ermessen festlegen, sondern ist auf eine Unterstützung durch die Legislative angewiesen, um die Politik vor der Wahl der Exekutive manipulieren zu können. In der Studie wird gezeigt, dass politische Budgetzyklen hinsichtlich der Ausgaben und Steuersätze wahrscheinlicher sind, wenn die Exekutive und Legislative von derselben Partei kontrolliert werden. Unter einer geteilten Regierung fällt die Manipulation der Politik signifikant geringer aus.

RESUMEN

Ciclos presupuestarios políticos y Gobierno dividido. Regional Studies. En este estudio se analiza empíricamente el efecto de los Gobiernos divididos en cuanto a la existencia de ciclos presupuestarios políticos. Como ejemplo sirven los municipios alemanes, donde los Gobiernos divididos ocurren con frecuencia y pueden separarse claramente del sistema político subyacente. En este entorno, el poder ejecutivo no tiene competencia exclusiva en los gastos y las tasas fiscales, y necesita el apoyo del poder legislativo para manipular la política antes de elecciones ejecutivas. En el estudio se demuestra que los ciclos presupuestarios políticos en los gastos y las tasas fiscales son más probables cuando el mismo partido controla los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo. En Gobiernos divididos, la manipulación política es mucho menor.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author thanks an associate editor and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1316839.

Notes

1. Franzese and Jusko (Citation2006), Alt and Rose (Citation2009), and De Haan and Klomp (Citation2013) survey the conditional PBC literature.

2. Using varying measures of checks and balances at the country level, Chang (Citation2008) and Streb et al. (Citation2009) find that the likelihood of PBCs decreases with more checks and balances. However, checks and balances correlate highly with the political system, making it difficult to disentangle political outcomes from political systems. Rose (Citation2006) and Alt and Rose (Citation2009), on the other hand, investigate whether divided governments curb PBCs in US states, but found no significant effect. Finally, Garmann (Citation2017) employed a divided government indicator in a robustness check when examining the determinants of building licences (something on which the legislative has no discretion) and found that PBCs are smaller under divided government; however, that study does not deal with the potential endogeneity of divided governments.

3. PBC models might be further distinguished based on whether it is assumed that competence affects only the production of public goods (Shi & Svensson, Citation2006) or also the generation of tax revenues (Streb & Torrens, Citation2013). In the former case, the model would predict only a PBC in expenditures, while the latter model would additionally predict a PBC in tax rates.

4. For expenditures, there are missing values for two municipalities in 2008.

5. Measurement error in the election variables could be another problem, as the fiscal year does not correspond to the election year. In this case, the election variables might be endogenous by design (Hayashi, Citation2000). This kind of attenuation bias can, however, be overcome with an IV approach (Greene, Citation2012).

6. Results are available from the author upon request.

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