Ecological research and conservation management in the Cape Floristic Region between 1945 and 2015: History, current understanding and future challenges

Abstract

In 1945, the Royal Society of South Africa published a wide-ranging report, prepared by a committee led by Dr C.L. Wicht, dealing with the preservation of the globally unique and highly diverse vegetation of the south-western Cape. The publication of the Wicht Committee’s report signalled the initiation of a research programme aimed at understanding, and ultimately protecting, the unique and diverse ecosystems of the Cape Floristic Region. This programme has continued for over 70 years, and it constitutes the longest history of concerted scientific endeavour aimed at the conservation of an entire region and its constituent biota. This monograph has been prepared to mark the 70th anniversary of the Wicht Committee report. It provides a detailed overview of the circumstances that led up to the Wicht Committee’s report, and the historical context within which it was written. It traces the development of new and substantial scientific understanding over the past 70 years, particularly with regard to catchment hydrology, fire ecology, invasive alien plant ecology, the harvesting of plant material and conservation planning. The Wicht Committee’s report also made recommendations about ecosystem management, particularly with regard to the use of fire and the control of invasive alien plants, as well as for the establishment of protected areas. Subsequently, a combination of changing conservation philosophies and scientific conservation planning led to the creation and expansion of a network of protected areas that now covers nearly 19% of the Cape Floristic Region. We also review aspects of climate change, most of which could not have been foreseen by the Wicht Committee. We conclude that those responsible for the conservation of these ecosystems will face many challenges in the 21st century. These will include finding ways for effectively managing invasive alien plants and fires, as foreseen by the Wicht Committee. While the protected area network has expanded beyond the modest targets proposed by the Wicht Committee, funding has not kept pace with this expansion, with consequences for the ability to effectively manage protected areas. The research environment has also shifted away from long-term research conducted by scientists embedded in management agencies, to short-term studies conducted largely by academic institutions. This has removed a significant benefit that was gained from the long-term partnership between research and management that characterised the modis operandus of the Department of Forestry. Growing levels of illegal resource use and a changing global climate also pose new challenges that were not foreseen by the Wicht Committee.

Keywords:

• conservation planning
• fire
• fynbos
• global change
• invasive alien plants
• protected areas
• red-listed species
• resource use
• threats

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Peter Spargo FRSSAf is thanked for suggesting that we undertake this review; Sandra De Villiers-Soltynski provided logistical support. JC thanks the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies for support. GFM acknowledges Francois Engelbrecht of CSIR for supply of temperature and rainfall scenario data. Libby Robin, Roy Siegfried, Brian Huntley, Michael Samways, Brett Bennett, Olaf Weyl, John Measey, Tony Rebelo, Andrew Turner, William Bond, Christo Marais and Birdlife South Africa provided useful inputs.

Additional information

Funding

The Royal Society of South Africa and Stellenbosch University provided funds for the production of this monograph. BvW, DMR, KJE and JRUW acknowledge support from the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology and the National Research Foundation (BWvW; grant 87550; DMR; grant 85417; JRUW; grant 85412; KJE; grant 76861). GFM acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation (NRF/DST Global Change Challenge grant 92464).