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Articles

Phylogeographic patterns of two tiger beetle species at both sides of the strait of Gibraltar (Coleoptera: Cicindelini)

Configurations phylogéographiques de deux cicindèles aux deux rives du Détroit de Gibraltar (Coleoptera : Cincincelini)

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Pages 399-406 | Accepted 25 Sep 2014, Published online: 16 Feb 2015
 

Summary

The Strait of Gibraltar is one of the major barriers to gene flow between land masses of Europe and Africa at the western end of the Mediterranean. Since the opening of the Strait at the end of the Miocene 5.33 million years ago (Mya) it has exerted a strong influence on the dispersal and colonization of whole biotas, particularly with regard to the retreat of organisms during glaciation peaks and the northward colonization events during the warm periods of Pleistocene. The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of the Strait of Gibraltar in the gene flow among populations of two tiger beetle species collected in Morocco, Cicindela campestris (L. 1758) and Lophyra flexuosa (Fabricius 1787), with regard to both new and published data from populations of southern Iberia. The phylogeographic analysis showed that Moroccan haplotypes of L. flexuosa belonged to a single coastal mitochondrial clade and that populations at both sides of` the Strait of Gibraltar were genetically well connected. The haplotype network of C. campestris showed that Moroccan populations made up a robust cluster clearly differentiated from those of Iberian and other European populations. These differences are thought to reflect the distinct evolutionary history (dispersal capacity, ecological strategies) of both species, as L. flexuosa shows an almost continuous distribution on the coasts located at both sides of the West Mediterranean, whereas C. campestris shows a patchy distribution and prefers montane habitats in the Western Palaearctic.

Résumé

A l’ouest de la Méditerranée, le détroit de Gibraltar constitue une des barrières majeures au flux génique entre les masses continentales d’Europe et d’Afrique. Depuis son ouverture à la fin du Miocène (5,33 MA) il a exercé une forte influence sur la dispersion et la colonisation des biotopes, en particulier à l’occasion de la retraite des organismes durant les pics glaciaires et durant leur recolonisation vers le nord au cours des périodes chaudes du Pleistocène. Le but de cette étude est d’élucider l’influence du Détroit de Gibraltar sur le flux génique entre populations de deux espèces de cicindèles récoltées au Maroc, Cicindela campestris (L. 1758) et Lophyra flexuosa (Fabricius 1787), en comparaison des données récentes ou publiées au sujet des populations du sud de la péninsule Ibérique. L’analyse phyogéographique a montré que les haplotypes marocains de L. flexuosa appartenaient à un unique clade mitochondrial côtier et que ces populations des deux côtés du Détroit de Gibraltar était bien connectées génétiquement. Le réseau d’haplotypes de C. campestris a montré que les populations marocaines constituent un groupe robuste clairement différencié de ceux de la péninsule Ibérique et des autres populations européennes. Ces différences devraient refléter les histoires évolutives distinctes des deux espèces (capacité de dispersion, stratégies écologiques: alors que L. flexuosa présente une distribution presque continue le long des côtes de chaques côtés de la Méditerranée, C. campestris montre une distribution clarisemée en préférant des habitats montagnards de l’Ouest-Paléarctique.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Eduardo Díaz, Carmelo Andújar, Carlos Ruiz and Maria Juliana Rodríguez for helping in the sample collecting and providing data about the specimens, and to two anonymous referees and one editor for their valuable comments about the manuscript. A. López-López was granted with a FPU grant [AP2009-1184] from the Ministerio de Educación of Spain. This work has been funded by project CGL2008-03628 of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain.

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