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Articles

Immature stages and adult morphology as a contribution to the phylogeny of the West Palaearctic lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

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Pages 418-430 | Accepted 04 Nov 2014, Published online: 16 Feb 2015
 

Summary

We test the extent to which the combination of 69 morphological characters from the early stages (18 from the egg, six larval and eight pupal) with 37 adult morphological characters of the lycaenids (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) improves the results of a parsimony analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the group, using 51 sample species from the West Palaearctic. The results show three main clades, although with low support from bootstrap and jackknife resamplings; they represent the four tribes present in our sample, i.e. Lycaenini, Theclini, Eumaeini and Polyommatini. The tribe Lycaenini (the one that has the highest node support) is in the base of the tree. Theclini + Eumaeini appear as sister clades with the Polyommatini as the sister taxon to both of them. At the lowest taxonomic levels our results are often in agreement with those from recent studies done on a molecular basis. Adding morphological information from the immature stages to that of the adult contributed significantly to increasing the resolution of the resulting cladogram. Our results confirm the idea that combined data matrices (e.g. including information from different life stages) may generally result in more consistent phylogenetic trees than those based in the adult morphology alone.

Résumé

Stades immatures et morphologie adulte pour une contribution à la phylogénie des lépidoptères lycénides (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). Nous testons ici à quel point la combinaison de 69 caractères morphologiques des premiers stades (18 de l’oeuf, 6 de la larve, 8 de la pupe) avec 37 caractères morphologiques des adultes de lycénides (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) améliore les résultats d’une analyse de parcimonie pour reconstruire l’histoire évolutionnaire du groupe, au départ de 51 espèces de l’Ouest-Paléarctique. Les résultats montrent trois clades principaux malgré un faible support bootstrap et Jackknife. Ils représentent quatre tribus présentes dans notre échantillonnage : Lycaenini, Theclini, Eumaeini et Polyommatini. La tribu des Lycaenini (celle qui a le support le plus élevé) est à la base de l’arborescence. Theclini + Eumaeini apparaît comme un clade-frère avec les Polyommatini comme groupe-frère de l’ensemble. Aux niveaux taxonomiques les plus bas, nos résultats sont pour la plupart cohérents avec ceux obtenus par les études moléculaires récentes. Ajouter une information morphologique des stades immatures à celle des adultes contribue significativement à améliorer la résulution du cladogramme. Nos résultats renforcent l’idée que combiner les matrices de données (par exemple en incluant l’information des différents stades) permet d’obtenir des arborescences phylogénétiques plus robustes que celles basées seulement sur la morphologie des adultes.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank J. Martín and M. Álvarez for the contribution of unpublished material; Esperanza Salvador, Enrique Rodríguez and Isidoro Poveda (Laboratory SEM-EDX, SIDI, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Spain) for collaborating with the scanning electron microscope images; Gayaneh Shahbazian and Helena Romo who contributed valuable comments and suggestions; and Fidel Fernández-Rubio for his contribution of the genitalia photographs.

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