Vol. 82 (2011)
No. 3 (pp. 191–274)
Original Articles
Estimation of differences in cadmium uptake among vegetable species with linear mixed-effects models
Kazuki TOGAMI, Kayo YOSHIZUMI, Kazuaki KUDO, Kazuhiko AOKI, and Kenzo MIURA
Natl. Agric. Res. Cent. Tohoku Region
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 191–199, 2011)
We investigated differences in the cadmium (Cd) content in edible parts and in the characteristics of Cd absorption among green soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), bok choy (qing-geng-cai; Brassica rapa var. chinensis), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata), carrot (Daucus carota L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. glabra), and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). We used a pot experiment with 9–11 soils treated with magnesium lime or sulfuric acid to adjust the pH to two or three levels ranging from 5.8 to 6.5, because Cd uptake is sensitive to soil pH. For statistical analyses we used linear mixed-effects models that included the predictive factors of soil pH and soil Cd (0.1 mol L−1 HCl-extractable Cd) content and a random effect associated with soil type.
| 1. | In conditions typical of Japanese soils (pH 6.1; total soil Cd 0.21 mg kg−1), the estimated Cd content in the edible parts decreased in the order of carrot > bok choy > green soybean > lettuce > Chinese cabbage > broccoli > cabbage. | ||||
| 2. | The Cd content in the edible parts decreased with increasing soil pH and increased with increasing soil Cd content. As the soil Cd content decreased from 2.0 to 0.5 mg kg−1, the Cd content in the edible parts decreased by 70% in cabbage, carrot, and lettuce, 60% in broccoli, and 50% in green soybean, bok choy, and Chinese cabbage. As the soil pH increased from 5.5 to 6.5, the Cd content decreased by 80% in cabbage, 60% in green soybean and broccoli, 50% in Chinese cabbage and lettuce, 40% in bok choy, and 30% in carrot. | ||||
| 3. | The standard deviation of random intercepts calculated from the linear mixed-effects models suggest that the soil properties (other than Cd content and pH) of Andosols were much more important to Cd content in bok choy, lettuce, carrot, Chinese cabbage, and broccoli than those of lowland soils. | ||||
Key words: cadmium, linear mixed-effects models, soil pH, vegetable species
Relationship between vertical distribution of soil nitrate-nitrogen and nitrogen balance in a vegetable field with allophanic Andosols
Kenzo MIURA
Natl. Agric. Res. Cent., Present address: Natl. Agric. Res. Cent. for Tohoku Region
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 200–206, 2011)
I examined the vertical distribution of nitrate-nitrogen in the top 3 m of soil in relation to the nitrogen balance (input – output) of past vegetable cropping practice in allophanic Andosols.
| 1. | I evaluated the effect of adsorption on the velocity of downward transport of nitrate from DpH = pH(KCl) – pH(H2O), which indicates the content of allophane and similar minerals with anion adsorption characteristics. When |DpH| £0.5, the velocity of nitrate relative to water was assumed to be 0.6. When |DpH| > 0.5, the velocity was not affected by adsorption. | ||||
| 2. | The depth of nitrate due to past vegetable cropping was calculated from the estimated velocity of downward transport of nitrate. The estimated depth agreed well with the measured vertical distribution. | ||||
| 3. | The nitrogen balance of past cropping showed a highly positive correlation with the corresponding nitrate-nitrogen content. Thus, data on the vertical distribution of nitrate-nitrogen can be used to evaluate and improve nitrogen balances. | ||||
Key words: allophanic Andosols, DpH, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrogen balance, vegetable field
Estimation of cadmium balance in soils: load applied in fertilizer and compost and removal in edible and uneaten parts of vegetables
Yukio HOSOBUCHI, Tetsuo HAYASHI and Haruhiko NAKAZUMI
Dohnan Agric. Exp. Stn., Hokkaido
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 207–213, 2011)
We grew tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), and daikon (Japanese radish; Raphanus sativus L.) in soils treated with fertilizer or compost and analyzed the contents of cadmium (Cd) in the soil and removed in the edible and uneaten parts of the vegetables. Cattle manure compost plus phosphate fertilizer increased the Cd load of each soil the most: the Cd loads were 6.8 g ha−1 in tomato soil, 4.5 g ha−1 in cabbage soil, and 3.5 g ha−1 in daikon soil. Without compost, the loads were 2.6, 2.4, and 1.3 g ha−1, respectively. Yet the addition of compost did not significantly affect the Cd uptake. The total uptakes with (without) compost were 34 (36) g ha−1 by tomato, 2.3 (2.1) g ha−1 by cabbage, and 2.7 (2.8) g ha−1 by daikon; the uptake by tomato was much greater than that by cabbage and daikon. In contrast, the uptakes by the edible parts were 3.8, 0.63, and 0.95 g ha−1, respectively, much smaller than those by the uneaten parts. The difference between the Cd load and removal was determined more by removal than by load in the presence of fertilizer plus manure compost. Tomato removed was more than was applied: the difference (load – removal) was −27 g ha−1 with compost and −34 g ha−1 without (both edible and residual parts were removed from the field). However, cabbage and daikon removed was less than was applied: +3.9 and +1.9 g ha−1, respectively, by cabbage and +2.5 and +0.41 g ha−1 by daikon (only edible parts were removed). Therefore, soil Cd decreased with tomato cultivation and increased with cabbage and daikon cultivation.
Key words: cabbage, cadmium, Japanese radish, tomato
Changes in soil chemical properties and nutrient accumulation in a 34-year experiment with NPK and compost applications to grassland
Daigo YAMADA*1, Takeshi SHIBUYA*1,2, Makoto KOJIMA*1,3 and Hiroharu MURAKAMI*1,4
*1 Natl. Inst. Livest. Grassl. Sci., Miyota Res. Stn., *2 Present address: Natl. Inst. Livest. Grassl. Sci., Nasu Res. Stn., *3 Present address: Natl. Agric. Res. Cent., *4 Present address: Natl. Agric. Res. Cent. West. Reg., Ayabe Res. Stn.
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 214–223, 2011)
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of fertilizer and compost applications on soil in grasslands intended for long-term use. We examined the changes in soil chemical properties (pH (H2O), total nitrogen [TN], available phosphate [AP], and exchangeable potassium [EK]) and nutrient accumulation in the top 30 cm of soil in the 35th year in an experimental field where we are testing different combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), potassium (K), and compost application. pH (H2O) to a depth of 15 cm was lowest in the N and NK plots without compost. pH (H2O) at all depths tended to be higher in all but two treatments than before grassland establishment. The TN content to a depth of 5 cm was higher than at other depths, and tended to be higher in NPK plots without compost and in all compost plots than before grassland establishment. The AP content to a depth of 5 cm was remarkably high in fertilizer P-treated plots without compost and in all compost plots. The EK content was higher at all depths in fertilizer K-treated plots without compost and in all compost plots, and these levels were considerably higher than before grassland establishment. On the basis of the comparisons between the total soil nutrients at a depth of 30 cm and fertilizers, AP accumulation in fertilizer P-treated plots and EK accumulation in fertilizer K-treated plots without compost and in all compost plots were remarkably high. Therefore, reducing the use of P and K fertilizers on the basis of soil testing is important for optimal long-term use of the grassland.
Key words: compost, grassland, NPK elements, nutrient accumulation, vertical distribution
Notes
Accumulated amount and formation of phosphate in cultivated upland low-humic Andisols through continuous application of inorganic fertilizers and cattle manure for 25 years
Masayuki TANI*1, Chihiro MIZOTA*2, 3, Tetsuo YAGI*2,4, Nobuhiko FUEKI*4, Hajime TAMURA*4, Taku KATO*1 and Masanori KOIKE*1
*1 Dept. Agro-Environ. Sci., Obihiro Univ. Agric. Veter. Med., *2 Grad. Schl. Anim. Food Hyg., Obihiro Univ. Agric. Veter. Med., *3 Morita Holdings Corp, *4 Hokkaido Res. Organ.
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 224–227, 2011)
Chemical and physical properties of composts collected in Okinawa Prefecture
Kazutoshi KINJO*1 Kouichi YOSHIDA*2 Naoko MIYAMARU*3 and Yasuhi GIMA*3
*1 Univ. Ryukyus, Coll. Agric., *2 Okinawa Agric. Technol. Develop. Off., *3 Natl. Agric. Res. Cent. Kyushu Okinawa Region
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 228–233, 2011)
Nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen-enriched cattle manure compost pellets applied to an Andosol
Tsuyoshi YAMANE, Yasuyuki WAKIYAMA and Hideo KUBOTERA
Natl. Agric. Res. Cent. Kyushu Okinawa Region
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 234–238, 2011)
Current Topics
The soil characteristics in Satsuma Mandarin's Greenhouses and one tentative plan of the soil improvement standard
Katsutoshi TAKI *1, Akiyoshi NARITA*2, Yasuhiro WATANABE*3, Kousuke SUGIHARA*4, Hiroyuki SUZUKI*5 and Mitsuru BANNO*6
*1Aichi. Agric. Res. Cent., *2Aichi. Agric. Res. Cent., *3Aichi Prefectural Govern., *4Nishimikawa Agric., Forest. Fish. Off., *5Shinshiro-Shitara Agric., Forest. Fish. Off., *6Higashimikawa Agric., Forest. Fish. Off.
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 239–243, 2011)
Lectures
Modern technologies in animal manure utilization.
6. Effective utilization of fertilizers of animal wastes compost new estimation method of nitrogen fertilizer efficiency of cattle and swine manure compost
Toshihiko TANAHASHI*1 and Wataru OYANAGI*2
*1 Gifu-ken Agric. Res. Cent., *2 Nigata-ken Natl. Agric. Food Res. Org.
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 244–250, 2011)
Miscellaneous
Shigehiro SUZUKI and Keijiro ASO: Japanese soil scientists in the pioneer days
Toshiro MATSUNAGA
Natl. Agric. Food Res. Org.
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 251–253, 2011)
SSPN Society News
(Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 82, 254–274, 2011)