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Notes
1. ‘Sanctions: History Lessons’, Economist, 19 October 2006.
2. David Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter: Are Humanitarian Costs an Essential Element in the Success of Sanctions? (Oslo: International Peace Research Institute and Norges Rode Kors, 2003), p. 4.
3. See for example Lucy Komisar, Journal of Commerce, 24 September 1991, p. 8A.
4. Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter, p. 21.
5. For one point of view on this issue, see ‘Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future’, Global Policy Forum, 6 August 2002, at http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm.
6. ‘In Slobodan Milosevic's Yugoslavia, Sanctions Virtually Fused the State with the Criminal Class’, Economist, 19 October 2006; see also Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter, p. 12.
7. See ‘Iraq Sanctions’, Executive Summary, section 2.
8. Arne Tostensen and Beate Bull, ‘Are Smart Sanctions Feasible?’, World Politics, vol. 54, April 2002, pp. 373–4.
9. Ibid., pp. 379–80.
10. ‘Iraq Sanctions’, p. 6.4.
11. Kofi Annan, Annual Report on the Work of the Organization (New York: United Nations, 1998), available at http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/Report98.
12. This story is well told in Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
13. This section is drawn from the very thorough discussion of Title III in the testimony of Herbert A. Biern, senior associate director, Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation, ‘The Bank Secrecy Act and the USA Patriot Act’, Before the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, 17 November 2004.
14. Ibid.
15. Peter A. Prahar, director of the Office of Africa, Asia and Europe Programs, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Department of State, Statement before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security, Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee, 25 April 2006, p. 12.
16. Steven R. Weisman, ‘The Ripples of Punishing One Bank’, New York Times, 3 July 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/business/worldbusiness/03bank.html.
17. ‘North Korean Accounts to Remain Frozen for Long’, Kommersant, 18 May 2007.
18. Prahar, Statement, p. 12.
19. For a useful discussion of the North Korea case, see Ruediger Frank, ‘The Political Economy of Sanctions against North Korea’, Asian Perspective, vol. 30, no. 3, 2006, pp. 5–36.
20. ‘U.S. Assumes Financial Risks in N. Korea Money Transfer-Lavrov-1’, RIA-Novosti, 20 June 2007.
21. ‘N. Korea Agrees to Start Talks on Closing Nuclear Reactor’, RIA-Novosti, 25 June 2007.
22. For an excellent review of US legislation and the intended investment targets, see Kenneth Katzman, ‘The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)’, Congressional Research Service, Order Code RS20871, US Library of Congress, updated 9 July 2007.
23. Ibid., p. CRS-2.
24. A full description of the sanctions negotiations in the UNSC through 15 May 2007 can be found in Kenneth Katzman, ‘Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses’, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32048, The US Library of Congress, updated 15 May 2007.
25. Elaine Sciolino, ‘Atom Work Expanding in Iran, UN Agency Says’, International Herald Tribune, 31 August 2007.
26. One example of this phenomenon is the ‘Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism’, which was launched by Presidents Bush and Putin at the time of the St Petersburg G8 summit in July 2006. The United States and Russia are co-leaders of this initiative, which has since attracted 51 partner nations. Media Note, ‘Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism: Joint Statement’, Office of the Spokesman, US Department of State, Washington DC, 12 June 2007.