A functional approach to Paleolithic open-air habitation structures

Abstract

Advances in hominin bioenergetics and paleoclimate reconstructions suggest that morphology was an insufficient buffer against the cool climate of Pleistocene Europe. To maintain homeostasis, hominins must have supplemented endothermy with various extrasomatic behavioral solutions. It is commonly suggested that one such solution was the use of simple windbreaks, though to date no studies have assessed the thermo-regulatory benefits, if any, they may have conferred on their users. In the experimental project discussed in this article, computer simulations and practical models of simple windbreaks in controlled wind tunnels were used to evaluate their performance. The results were integrated into models of Neandertal cold tolerance and climatic reconstructions of known occupation sites during the Last Glacial Maximum in Northern Europe, in order to assess their usefulness to Pleistocene hominins. It was clear that, within the constraints of their toolkits, early hominins could have constructed habitation structures that would have been highly effective aids to help them stay warm. These new data permit a functional understanding of the archaeological record and have implications for hominin technology as well as range.

Keywords:

• Bioenergetics
• habitation structures
• experimental archaeology

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the Board of the DCMat (TU Delft) for their generous funding. I am also indebted to Wil Roebroeks and Joris Dik for their continuous support. This article was improved by conversations with numerous researchers including Kathy MacDonald, Gerrit Dusseldorp and Adam Jagich as well comments by two anonymous reviewers. I would also like to thank Bendiks Jan Boersma at the Delft University of Technology for aiding me with the computer modeling and Sander Brouwer for allowing me access to necessary equipment.