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History of Education
Journal of the History of Education Society
Volume 35, 2006 - Issue 1
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SOURCES AND INTERPRETATIONS

‘Things change but names remain the same’: Higher Education Historiography 1975–2000

Pages 121-140 | Published online: 20 Aug 2006
 

Abstract

This is an analytical survey of the history of higher education – primarily but not exclusively in England – as written in the last quarter of the twentieth century. It examines the history of liberal education, of the rewriting of the history of Oxford and Cambridge, and of nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century institutions. It addresses new methodologies and data, and the search for more comprehensive and less parochial and antiquarian approaches to the history of institutions. It examines how accounts of new sectors of higher education and national agencies relate to social hierarchies and developments. It includes discussion of the contribution of non‐historians to the history of higher education. It concludes that historical writing has firm roots in historians’ contemporary environment. Bibliographical sources are suggested, and the references themselves constitute a bibliography of the historiography of the period.

Notes

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5 Anderson, R. D. Education and Opportunity in Victorian Scotland: Schools and Universities. Edinburgh, 1983: v.

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10 Cheit, E. F. The Useful Arts and the Liberal Tradition. New York, 1975; Bledstein, B. J. The Culture of Professionalism. New York, 1976.

11 Wegener, C. Liberal Education and the Modern University. Chicago, 1978; Herbst, J. “The liberal arts: overcoming the legacy of the nineteenth century.” Liberal Education 66 (1980).

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16 Feingold, M. “Oxford and Cambridge college histories: an outdated genre?” History of Universities 1 (1981): 207–08.

17 Phillipson, N., ed. Universities, Society, and the Future. Edinburgh, 1983. Cf. papers by Stone, Lyons, Gregor, Briggs and Silver.

18 Rothblatt, Tradition and Change, 16, 24–25, 40, ch. 14.

19 Slee, P. Learning and a Liberal Education. Manchester, 1986: 17–18.

20 Anderson, Education and Opportunity, particularly chs 7 and 8.

21 For example Dunbabin, J. “Careers and vocations” in The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 1: The Early Oxford Schools, edited by J. I. Catto. Oxford. 1984.

22 Hoskin, K. “The examination, disciplinary power and rational schooling.” History of Education 8 (1979); “The professional in educational history.” In The Professional Teacher, edited by J. Wilkes. Leicester, 1986.

23 Hawkins, M. “Ambiguity and contradiction in “the rise of professionalism”: the English clergy, 1570–1730.” In The First Modern Society, edited by A. L. Beier, D. Cannadine and J. Rosenheim. Cambridge, 1989: 251–52.

24 Perkin, H. The Rise of Professional Society. London, 1989; Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism, 1987; Lowe “English elite education”; Engel, A. “The English universities and professional education.” In The Transformation of Higher Learning 1860–1930, edited by K. H. Jarausch. Chicago, 1983: 293–98.

25 Conrad and Wyer, Liberal Education in Transition.

26 Aston, T. H., general ed. The History of the University of Oxford. Oxford, vol. 1, 1984; Brooke, C., general ed. A History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge, vol. 1, 1988.

27 Brooke, C. In D. R. Leader, A History, 1: The University to 1546, 1988: xiv.

28 Aston, in J. I. Catto, The History, 1: The Early Oxford Schools. 1984: vii.

29 Brock, M. G., and M. C. Curthoys, eds. The History, 4, part 1, 1997.

30 Cobban, A. B. The Medieval English Universities. Aldershot, 1988: 209–10, ch. 6.

31 Rothblatt, S. “Failure in early nineteenth‐century Oxford and Cambridge.” History of Education 11 (1982): 1.

32 Stone, L. “The size and composition of the Oxford student body 1580–1909.” In The University in Society, 1, edited by L. Stone; Stone, L. “The age of admission to college in seventeenth‐century England.” History of Education 9 (1980). The latter is a response to Cressy, D. “School and college admission ages in seventeenth‐century England.” History of Education 8 (1979).

33 Looney, J. “Undergraduate education in early Stuart England.” History of Education 10 (1981): 19.

34 Cobban, A. B. “The medieval Cambridge colleges: a quantitative study of higher degrees to c.1500.” History of Education 9 (1980): 1.

35 Cobban, The Medieval English Universities, xiii.

36 Rüegg, W. “Foreword” and “Themes.” In A History of the University in Europe, 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, edited by H. De Ridder‐Symoens. Cambridge, 1992: xxvi–xxvii, 3.

37 Haig, A. G. L. “The church, the universities and learning in later Victorian England.” The Historical Journal 29 (1986): 187, 200.

38 Howarth, J. and M. Curthoys. “The political economy of women’s higher education in late nineteenth and early twentieth‐century Britain.” Historical Research 60 (1987).

39 Stray, C. Classics Transformed. Oxford, 1998: 117.

40 Trio, P. “Financing of university students in the middle ages: a new orientation.” History of Universities (1984): 1.

41 Feingold, M. The Mathematicians’ Apprenticeship. Cambridge, 1984: vii, 1–2, 21, 214.

42 Howarth, J. “Science education in late‐Victorian Oxford: a curious case of failure?” The English Historical Review 102 (1987).

43 MacLeod, R., and R. Moseley. “Breadth, depth and excellence: sources and problems in the history of university science education in England, 1850–1914.” Studies in Science Education 5 (1978): 177, 189.

44 Soffer, R. “Nation, duty, character and confidence: history at Oxford, 1850–1914.” Historical Journal 30 (1987): 79, 103; Soffer, R. N. Discipline and Power: The University, History, and the Making of an English Elite 1870–1930. Stanford, 1994: 97.

45 Slee, Learning and a Liberal Education, 12–18; “The Oxford idea of a liberal education 1800–1860: the invention of tradition and the manufacture of practice.” History of Universities 7 (1988): 84.

46 Soffer, R. N. Ethics and Society in England. Berkeley, 1978.

47 Bacon, A. “Attempts to introduce a school of English literature at Oxford: the national debate of 1886 and 1887.” History of Education 9 (1980).

48 Twigg, J. “Evolution, obstacles and aims: the writing of Oxford and Cambridge college histories.” History of Universities 8 (1989).

49 Upton, C. A. “Review.” History of Universities 9 (1990): 260.

50 Webster, C. “Review of V. H. H. Green, The Commonwealth of Lincoln College 1427–1977 (1979).” History of Education 10 (1991): 293.

51 Wright, C. J. “Academics and their aims: English and Scottish approaches to university education in the nineteenth century.” History of Education 8 (1979): 97.

52 Lowe, R. “The expansion of higher education in England.” In Jarausch, The Transformation of Higher Learning 1860–1930, 56.

53 Lowe, R. “Structural change in English higher education, 1870–1920.” In The Rise of the Modern Educational System, edited by D. K. Müller, F. Ringer and B. Simon. Cambridge, 1987: 177.

54 Lowe, “English elite education,” 147–48, 162.

55 Anderson, Universities and Elites in Britain, 16.

56 For example Heyck, T. W. The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England. London, 1982; “The idea of a university in Britain, 1870–1970.” History of European Ideas 8 (1987).

57 Briggs, A. “Tradition and innovation in British universities c.1860–1960.” In Phillipson, Universities, Society and the Future.

58 Ashby, E. “The future of the nineteenth century idea of a university.” Minerva 6 (1967): 5.

59 Gregor, “Liberal education: an outworn ideal?” In Phillipson, Universities, Society, and the Future, 155.

60 Annan, Lord. “The university in Britain.” In Universities for a Changing World, edited by M. D. Stephens and G. W. Roderick. London, 1975: 21. Cf. also Tapper, T. and Salter, B. Oxford, Cambridge and the Changing Idea of the University. Buckingham, 1992: 225–26.

61 Barnes, S. V. “England’s civic universities and the triumph of the Oxbridge ideal.” History of Education Quarterly 36 (1996): 305 and passim.

62 For this interplay cf. Silver, H., and P. Silver. “The escaping answer.” In Standards and Criteria in Higher Education, edited by G.C. Moodie. Guildford, 1986.

63 McPherson, A., and C. D. Raab. Governing Education: A Sociology of Policy since 1945. Edinburgh, 1988; Hansot, E., and D. Tyack, “A usable past: history in educational policy.” In Policy Making in Education, edited by A. Lieberman and W. M. Milbrey. Chicago, 1982. Cf. also Silver, H. “Policy as history and as theory.” In Education as History. London, 1983; Education, Change and the Policy Process. London, 1990.

64 Tapper and Salter, Oxford, Cambridge and the Changing Idea of the University; Salter, B. and Tapper, T. The State and Education. London, 1994;Vernon, K. “Calling the tune: British universities and the state, 1880–1914.” History of Education 30 (2001); Godwin, C. D. “The origin of the binary system.” History of Education 27 (1998); Godwin, C. D. “‘A most cantankerous and awkward bunch’: the Study Group on Government and the Weaver Report. 1966.” History of Education 29 (2000).

65 Lukes, J. R. “Government policy over higher education.” In Higher Education, edited by I. James. Aspects of Education, 8, 1975.

66 Silver, H. A Higher Education: the Council for National Academic Awards and British Higher Education 1964–1989. London, 1990: 65 and chs 2 and 4.

67 Pratt, J. The Polytechnic Experiment 1965–1992. Buckingham, 1997.

68 Hutchinson, E. “The origins of the University Grants Committee.” Minerva 13 (1975); Shinn, C. H. Paying the Piper: The Development of the University Grants Committee 1919–1946. London, 1986; Shattock, M. The UGC and the Management of British Universities. Buckingham, 1994. Cf. a recent, unpublished study: Taggart, G. J. “A critical review of the role of the English funding body for higher education in the relationship between the state and higher education in the period 1945–2003.” Dissertation, University of Bristol 2004.

69 Kelly, T. For Advancement of Learning: the University of Liverpool 1881–1981. Liverpool, 1981: ch. 4 covers 1903–18.

70 Gosden, P. H. J. H. and A. J. Taylor, eds. Studies in the History of a University 1874–1974. Leeds, 1974.

71 Jones, D. R. The Origins of Civic Universities: Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. London, 1988: 67; Bamford, T. W. The University of Hull:The First Fifty Years. Oxford, 1978.

72 Pullen, B. and M. Abendstern. A History of the University of Manchester 1951–73. Manchester, 2000.

73 Hencke, D. Colleges in Crisis. Harmondsworth, 1978; e.g. Naylor, L. and G. Howat. Culham College History, 2nd ed. Abingdon, 1982; Brighton, T., ed. The Church Colleges in Higher Education. Chichester, 1989.

74 Simpson, R. How the PhD Came to Britain. Guildford, 1983.

75 Thompson, F. M. L., ed. The University of London and the World of Learning 1836–1986. London, 1990: xxvii; Sutherland, G. “The plainest principles of justice: the University of London and the Higher Education of Women.” Ch. 2 in Thompson; Brooke, A History, 4, 1993.

76 Burstyn, J. N. Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood. London, 1980.

77 Pedersen, J. S. The Reform of Girls’ Secondary and Higher Education in Victorian England. New York, 1987.

78 Solomon, B. M. In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education. New Haven, CT, 1985.

79 Gilbert, J. S. “Women students and student life at England’s civic universities before the First World War.” History of Education 23 (1994); Barnes, S. V. “Crossing the invisible line: establishing co‐education at the University of Manchester and Northwestern University.” History of Education 23 (1994).

80 Dyhouse, C. No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870–1939. London, 1995: xi, 238.

85 MacLeod and Moseley, “Breadth, depth and excellence”, 55.

81 Annan, N. The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses. London, 1999: particularly ch. 5 on Frederic Maitland.

82 Peacock, S. J. Jane Ellen Harrison. New Haven, CT, 1988: notably ch. 2. Cf. Blouet, B. W. Halford Mackinder. College Station, TX, 1987.

83 Carswell, J. Government and the Universities in Britain: Programme and Performance 1960–1980. Cambridge, 1985.

84 Rothblatt, S., and B. Wittrock, eds. The European and American University since 1800. Cambridge, 1993: “Introduction,” 1–2; Wittrock in ibid., 305.

86 Halsey, A. H. Decline of Donnish Dominion: The British Academic Professions in the Twentieth Century. Oxford, 1992: particularly chs 4–6.

87 For example Shils, E. “Ssources of change in the character and functions of universities.” Universities Quarterly 28 (1974) and “The modern university and liberal democracy.” Minerva 27 (1979); Parson, T., and G. M. Platt. The American University. Cambridge, MA, 1973; Clark, B. R. The Academic Life. Princeton, NJ, 1987.

88 For example Trow, M. “Elite and popular functions in American higher education.” In Higher Education: Demand and Response, edited by W. R. Niblett. London, 1969.

89 For example Freeland, R. M. Academia’s Golden Age: Universities in Massachusetts 1945–1970. New York, 1992.

90 Geiger, R. L. To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities 1900–1940. New York, 1986; Herbst, J. From Crisis to Crisis: American College Government 1636–1819. Cambridge, MA, 1982.

91 For example Grant, G., and D. Riesman. The Perpetual Dream: Reform and Experiment in the American College. Chicago, 1978.

92 For example Cheit, The Useful Arts and the Liberal Tradition; Content and Context: essays on college education, edited by C. Kaysen. New York, 1973: containing notably Veysey, L. “Stability and experiment in the American undergraduate curriculum”.

93 Rudolph, F. Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study since 1636. San Francisco, 1977: 1.

94 Ringer, F. “Problems in the history of higher education: a review article.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 19 (1977): 239–40.

95 Drummond, D., A. Gaukroger, and R. Lowe. “Writing a university history: problems and possibilities.” History of Education Society Bulletin 51 (1993).

96 Ringer, “Problems in the history of higher education”, 255. Cf. also Kimball (1989) on the political determination of historical views of the curriculum.

97 Carter, J. “Foreword.” In Aberdeen University 1945–1981, edited by J. D. Hargreaves and A. Forbes. Aberdeen, 1989): v–vi.

98 Goodson, I., ed. International Perspectives in Curriculum History. London, 1986; School Subjects and Curriculum Change. Beckenham, 1983; The Making of Curriculum. London, 1988; Studying Curriculum. Buckingham, 1994; Defining the Curriculum: Histories and Ethnographies, with S. Ball. London, 1984.

99 Wittrock, in Rothblatt and Wittrock, The European and American University, 305.

100 Butterfield, H. The Universities and Education Today. London, 1962: 28–29.

101 Kerr, C. The Uses of the University. New York, 1964; 1966 edn: 17; Perkin, “The historical perspective”, 118.

102 Jones, The Origins of Civic Universities, 2.

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