An outbreak of haemolytic anaemia associated with infection of Theileria orientalis in naïve cattle

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: An outbreak of haemolytic anaemia occurred when 87 cattle were introduced from a presumed non-infected herd from south Otago to a herd in Northland (n=580 cows), New Zealand, where theileriosis is endemic.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Clinical signs associated with Theileria spp. infection included lethargy, anorexia, inappetance, pale mucous membranes, and varying severity of anaemia. In the naïve imported cattle, 11/29 (38%) of those tested showed haematological signs of anaemia (haematocrit (HCT) <0.25 L/L). A negative association was present between the HCT and the number of Theileria spp. organisms counted using light microscopy (correlation coefficient=−0.4; p<0.05).

Haemoparasites consistent with Theileria spp. were observed on examination of a blood smear. Theileria orientalis group (Theileria buffeli/orientalis) species was confirmed using PCR and DNA sequencing, and other causes for anaemia were excluded in the most clinically severely affected cow. The 18S sequence data and phylogenetic analysis of the CoxIII sequences showed samples had the greatest similarity to T. orientalis Chitose from Japan.

DIAGNOSIS: Haemolytic anaemia associated with infection of T. orientalis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Previous reports have suggested that T. orientalis group species may be non-pathogenic in healthy cattle, and an incidental finding in blood samples. However, this investigation provided evidence that in New Zealand, this pathogen is capable of causing clinical disease in cattle not necessarily debilitated by another disease. The potential for disease should be considered when naïve cattle are brought in from non-endemic to endemic regions, for instance cattle from the South Island moved to regions where the vector for T. orientalis group species, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is active, and T. orientalis is present.

KEY WORDS:

• Theileria
• Theileria orientalis
• Theileria buffeli
• theileriosis
• Haemaphysalis longicornis
• anaemia
• cattle
• bovine
• haemolytic

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank laboratory staff and other members of the Incursion Investigation Team at the IDC for their contribution to this investigation; the referring veterinarian; the owner of the affected farm, who graciously complied with every request from the IDC; Kevin Metcalf, who carried out the majority of haematology work (Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Auckland); Matt Playford, Dawbuts Pty Ltd, NSW, Australia, who provided a selection of key references; and Cayla Beth McFadden, who provided comments on the manuscript.

Notes

¹ J Gill, Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Mosgiel, New Zealand

*Non-peer-reviewed

*Non-peer-reviewed