Acute photosensitisation and mortality in a herd of dairy cattle in Tasmania

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: A herd of Holstein, Jersey, or Holstein-Jersey cross lactating cattle of mixed ages presented with a sudden drop in milk yield in 94/678 cows on 3 October 2014 (Day 0). The herd was located in Gretna in the Derwent Valley (Tasmania, Australia) and had been grazing dryland pasture.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: On Day 0 the cows variably showed recumbency, peracute photosensitisation, inflamed coronary bands, conjunctival erythema, periauricular oedema, distress indicated by kicking at the flank, bruxism, discomfort, weight shifting, vocalisation indicating pain and depression. Blood samples collected on Day 4 from five clinically affected cows showed high activities of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Morbidity, based on the number of treated cases within 72 hours of clinical onset, was estimated at 165/678 cows (24.3%). Mortality over the first 30 days was 19/678 cows (2.8%).

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Necropsies of two cows on Day 4 showed marked distension of the gall bladder and extensive icterus. Necropsies of another two cows on Day 5 showed enlarged livers with severe damage and oedema of the distal abomasum. Severe ulcerative abomasal gastritis was present in both cows. Hepatic histopathology was consistent with chronic cholangiohepatitis.

MYCOTOXICOLOGY: Fifty-five different mycotoxins were detected from a barley grass (Hordeum murinum) sample from the presumably contaminated pasture. Concentrations of B-trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone metabolites from this sample were remarkably high. The leaf smut, Jamesdicksonia dactylidis, that has not been previously reported in Tasmania, was identified from the sample of barley grass, but it is not known whether the smut can produce toxins.

DIAGNOSIS: Probably an undescribed peracute mycotoxicosis associated with the ingestion of contaminated dryland pasture.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A definitive diagnosis could not be reached in this case of acute photosensitisation and mortality in dairy cattle grazing possibly contaminated dryland pasture. The findings differed from both facial eczema and acute bovine liver disease, suggesting an undescribed mycotoxicosis.

KEY WORDS:

• Acute bovine liver disease
• cattle
• hepatic
• Jamesdicksonia dactylidis
• mycotoxicosis
• photosensitisation

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank taxonomist Dr. Roger Shivas (Plant Pathology Herbarium, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia) for identification of J. dactylidis and BIOMIN Holding GmbH for financial support for the mycotoxin binder and mycotoxin analysis. The authors also wish to acknowledge the veterinary pathologists, Mr. A. Davis and Mr. Graeme Knowles and staff (Animal Health Laboratory, DIPIPWE, Kings Meadow, TAS, Australia) for their involvement in the case, Ms. Rebecca Atkinson for fungal spore counting (Animal Health Laboratory, DIPIPWE), The Dairy Science Group (Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia) for the use of their centrifuge, and Dr. P. Dracatos and Dr. W. Cuddy for examining the barley grass sample (The University of Sydney, The Plant Breeding Institute, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia). The attitude and persistence of the farm staff during the outbreak should be commended.

Notes

1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2016.1232181

*Non-peer-reviewed