792
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Changing food ways as indicators of emerging complexity in Sudanese Nubia: from Neolithic agropastoralists to the Meroitic civilisation

Pages 327-342 | Published online: 30 Aug 2012
 

Abstract

This article focuses on politico-economic and socio-cultural processes affecting a changing cuisine in Sudanese Nubia from the 5th millennium BC until the collapse of the Meroitic state during the 4th century AD. The argument is based on an anthropological interpretation of archaeological remains from this period.

In the fifth millennium BC we find elaboration and increased variation in material items related to serving and consumption of food and drinks. I argue that this variation in material inventory is causally related to increased social differentiation. Elaborated food-related items are seen as indication of social display and ritual feasting undertaken by a social elite. Domesticated cattle played a crucial role in this elite formation. Comparative ethnographic material shows that differences in possession of cattle are a general characteristic of pastoral communities. Such differences are generally used as a means of creating patron-client relations through cattle transactions. Furthermore cattle have natural attributes that lend themselves to metaphoric and metonymic associations; they can serve as symbols of power, as well as motherly nurturance and support. Symbolic uses of cattle are manifested in increased ceremonial use of cattle during the 5th millennium BC. The importance of cattle culminates during the Kerma period with the sacrifice of several thousand heads of cattle used in funeral feastings.

Ce article porte son attention sur les processus politico-économiques et socio-culturels qui influencèrent les pratiques alimentaires dans la Nubie soudanaise entre le cinquième millénaire avant J.-C. et la chute de l’état méroitique au quatrième siècle après J.-C. L'argumentation se base sur une interprétation anthropologique des matériaux archéologiques de cette période.

Au cinquième millénaire avant J.-C., on constate une élaboration dans les objets destinés au service et à la consommation des aliments et boissons, et on voit aussi une plus grande variabilité dans ces objets. Je maintiens que ces variations dans le corpus archéologique ont un lien de causalité avec l'augmentation de la différentiation sociale. L’élaboration des objets liés à l'alimentation est considerée comme l'indicateur de pratiques d'ostentation sociale et de festins rituels entrepris par l’élite. Le bétail domestiqué a joué un rôle crucial dans la formation de cette élite. Les données ethnographiques comparatives montrent que les inégalités dans la possession du bétail sont une caractéristique générale des communautés pastorales. De telles différences sont généralement employées pour créer des rapports patron-client à travers les transactions de bétail. En outre, le bétail possède des qualités intrinsèques qui s'offrent tout naturellement aux associations métaphoriques et métonymiques: symboles de puissance, mais aussi de soutien et de sustenance maternels. Les utilisations symboliques du bétail se révèlent par son utilisation cérémoniale accrue pendant le cinquième millénaire av. J.-C. Son importance atteint son apogée dans la période Kerma, avec le sacrifice de plusieurs milliers de bêtes durant les festins funéraires.

Acknowledgements

My grateful thanks are due to Henriette Hafsaas Tsakos for generating interesting discussions and to my husband Gunnar Haaland, who read the draft of this paper and made careful comments. I should also like to thank Poznán Archaeological Museum, Poland, for permission to use the photograph reproduced here in and the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan (NCAM) for permission to use the photographs that appear in .

Figure 4.  Meroitic drinking vessel (courtesy of the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, Sudan).

Figure 4.  Meroitic drinking vessel (courtesy of the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, Sudan).

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 172.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.