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Articles

Imperceptible realities: an ethnoarchaeological perspective on the acquisition, ownership and management of cattle by women in southeastern Zimbabwe

Pages 380-402 | Received 09 Sep 2015, Accepted 20 Jun 2016, Published online: 05 Aug 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Cattle have always featured prominently in archaeological and historical studies of the Farming Communities of southern Africa. Research concerns have included their role in subsistence economies as well as their social and political importance. Cattle represented wealth and status that were usable as a springboard to political power by individuals with the ability to accumulate more herds than others. At the heart of all this discourse has been the tendency to associate and link cattle with men. This has led to the development of archaeological interpretive models where an intricate relationship is drawn between men, power and cattle. In many of these models, little consideration has been given as to how cattle herds may have been acquired, their ownership or the politics of their disposal. Based on recent ethnoarchaeological inquiries in eastern Zimbabwe, this paper questions the assumed dominance of men in the cattle world of the archaeological past. It is argued that women were active participants in the acquisition of cattle and in their ownership, all the way through to their disposal. While this may not be immediately visible in the archaeological record, there is a need for archaeologists also to associate women with cattle in the past.

ABSTRAIT

Les bovins ont toujours figuré en bonne place dans les études archéologiques et historiques concernant les communautés agropastorales de l'Afrique australe. Les axes de recherche ont inclu leur rôle dans les économies de subsistance, ainsi que leur importance sociale et politique. Les bovins représentaient richesse et statut, et pouvaient être utilisés comme tremplin vers le pouvoir politique par des personnes qui avaient la capacité d'accumuler davantage de troupeaux que d'autres. Au cœur de ce discours a été une tendance à associer les bovins avec les hommes. Cela a mené à l'élaboration de modèles d'interprétation archéologique dans lesquels une relation complexe est postulée entre les hommes, le pouvoir et le bétail. Dans nombreux de ces modèles, peu de considération a été donnée à la manière dont les troupeaux de bovins auraient été acquis, à la question de leur propriété ou les mécanismes à travers lesquels on s’en défaisait. Cet article se base sur des enquêtes ethnoarchéologiques récentes dans l'est du Zimbabwe pour remettre en question la domination supposée des hommes dans le monde du bétail dans le passé archéologique. Nous proposons que les femmes ont été des participantes actives dans l'acquisition, la possession et le transfert ou la destruction des bovins. Cela n’est peut-être pas immédiatement visible dans le contexte archéologique, mais il est toutefois nécessaire que les archéologues commencent à associer les femmes avec le bétail dans le passé.

Notes on contributor

Plan Shenjere-Nyabezi is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe. She obtained her PhD in Archaeology from the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 2011. Her research interests include archaeozoology, the archaeology of farming communities, ethnoarchaeology and cultural heritage management.

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