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Articles

Fiat Lux: Functional Analysis of Three Saxo-Norman Pottery Lamps from Berkeley, Gloucestershire

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Pages 104-116 | Published online: 19 Jun 2017
 

Abstract

THIS PAPER COMPRISES analysis of three Saxo-Norman pottery lamps recovered during archaeological excavations in 2012 in the Edward Jenner Museum garden, Berkeley, Gloucestershire. While such vessels have been known to archaeologists since the earliest days of Saxon and medieval pottery studies, their specific function, other than general ‘lighting’, has never been considered. Similarly, the composition of the fuel in such lamps has not been scientifically verified. In the following paper, both of these areas are addressed through experimental archaeology and organic residue analysis. The conclusion reached is that the lamps were chosen for use in a late-Saxon industrial workshop as they were ideal for the setting, providing a consistent, stable and bright light source in comparison with other available lighting methods of the period.

Résumé

Fiat Lux : analyse fonctionnelle de trois lampes de poterie saxonne-normande provenant de Berkeley (Gloucestershire) par Paul Blinkhorn, Lucy Cramp, Stuart Prior, Emily Glass et Mark Horton

Ce papier présente l’analyse de trois lampes de poterie saxonne-normande provenant de fouilles archéologiques réalisées en 2012 dans le jardin du Musée Edward Jenner, à Berkeley (Gloucestershire). Si de tels récipients sont connus des archéologues depuis les premières études de poteries saxonnes et médiévales, on n’a jamais réfléchi à leur rôle spécifique, hormis celui de l’éclairage en général. De même, la composition du carburant de ces lampes n’a pas été vérifiée par des méthodes scientifiques. Dans le papier en question, ces deux facteurs sont examinés par le biais de l’archéologie expérimentale et de l’analyse des résidus organiques. On aboutit à la conclusion que ces lampes étaient utilisées dans un atelier industriel de la fin de la période saxonne, car leur choix était tout indiqué pour cet environnement où elles procuraient une lumière vive, constante et stable par rapport aux autres modes d’éclairage disponibles pendant cette période.

Zusammenfassung

Fiat Lux: Funktionsanalyse von drei sächsisch-normannischen Tonlampen aus Berkeley (Gloucestershire) von Paul Blinkhorn, Lucy Cramp, Stuart Prior, Emily Glass und Mark Horton

Eine Analyse von drei Tonlampen aus sächsisch-normannischer Zeit, die im Jahr 2012 bei archäologischen Ausgrabungen im Garten des Edward Jenner Museums in Berkeley (Gloucestershire) gefunden wurden. Objekte dieser Art sind Archäologen bereits aus Studien der Frühzeit sächsischer und mittelalterlicher Töpferkunst bekannt; ihre spezifische Funktion jedoch, außer als Lichtquelle, wurde nie erforscht. Auch die Zusammensetzung des verwendeten Brennstoffs wurde nie wissenschaftlich verifiziert. Experimentelle Archäologie und organische Rückstandsanalytik kommen zur Anwendung, um beide Aspekte zu untersuchen. Die Studie gelangt zu dem Schluss, dass die Lampen in einer gewerblichen Werkstatt des späten sächsischen Zeitalters verwendet wurden, da sie verglichen mit anderen Beleuchtungsmethoden der damaligen Zeit als konstante, dauerhafte und helle Lichtquelle ideal für diese Umgebung waren.

Riassunto

Fiat Lux: analisi funzionale di tre lampade ceramiche sasso-normanne provenienti da Berkeley nel Gloucestershire di Paul Blinkhorn, Lucy Cramp, Stuart Prior, Emily Glass e Mark Horton

Questo studio comprende l’analisi di tre lampade ceramiche recuperate nel 2012 durante gli scavi archeologici nel giardino del museo Edward Jenner a Berkeley nel Gloucestershire. Benché tali recipienti siano noti agli archeologi fin dai primi tempi degli studi sulla ceramica sassone e medievale, non è mai stata presa in considerazione la loro funzione specifica, al di là di generica ‘illuminazione’. Analogamente non si è mai verificata la composizione del combustibile usato in queste lampade in modo scientifico. Entrambe queste tematiche vengono affrontate qui mediante l’archeologia sperimentale e l’analisi dei residui organici. Le conclusioni a cui si è arrivati sono che le lampade furono scelte per essere usate in un laboratorio industriale del tardo periodo sassone perché ideali per quell’ambiente poiché fornivano una fonte di luce stabile e brillante in confronto ad altri metodi di illuminazione disponibili in quel periodo.

Notes

6 Sawyer 1968, no 218.

7 Kilmurry Citation1980, fig 58; Rogerson and Dallas Citation1984, fig 177.

8 McCarthy and Brooks Citation1988, fig 173, no 1049.

9 Woolgar Citation1999, 88–9.

10 Ibid, 88–9.

11 Ibid, 92.

12 Brown Citation2002, 102.

13 Steane Citation1985, fig 6.7.6.

14 Good Citation1998, 166.

15 Mellor Citation1994, fig 54.

16 Medieval Pottery Research Group Ceramic Form 8.2.6; MPRG Citation1998.

17 Medieval Pottery Research Group Ceramic Form 8.2.4; MPRG Citation1998.

18 McCarthy and Brooks Citation1988, fig 58.

19 Woolgar Citation1999, pl 32.

20 Wood Citation1981, 367.

21 Pay Citation1987, 19.

22 Mottram et al Citation1999.

23 Heighway Citation1983, fiche B2.

24 Ponsford Citation1998, 136.

25 Vince Citation1991.

26 Ponsford Citation1998, 136.

27 Vince Citation1984.

28 Watts and Rahtz Citation1985, fig 79, nos 70–7.

29 Watts and Rahtz Citation1985, 153.

30 Rahtz Citation1979, 323.

31 Ibid, 321–2.

32 Ibid, tab v.

33 Jope Citation1952–3, fig 35, 56.

34 Jope et al Citation1950, fig 21, nos 2 and 3.

35 Mellor Citation2003, 337.

36 Mellor, Citation1994, fig no 7.

37 Ibid, fig 15, no 5.

38 Ibid, fig 20.

39 Watts and Rahtz Citation1985, 67–9.

40 Ibid, fig 79, nos 81–3; fig 81, nos 135–6.

41 Cotter Citation2011.

42 Ibid, 123–5.

43 Ibid.

44 Evershed et al Citation1997; Mottram et al Citation1999.

45 Koch et al 1994.

46 Evershed et al Citation2002a; Citation2002b.

47 Evershed et al Citation1995; Raven et al Citation1997.

48 Holt-White Citation2015.

49 Mottram et al Citation1999.

50 Ibid.

51 Rieley Citation1994.

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