Abstract
VERY SMALL DWELLING SITES dating to the Settlement Period (9th and 10th centuries ad) were recently investigated in the region of Hegranes in Skagafjörður, northern Iceland. The sites were depopulated by the early 12th century, and they differ from farmsteads in many respects, including spatiotemporal extent, landscape context, and midden contents. The establishment of small dwelling sites suggests that the Icelandic settlement was characterised by forms of landscape management and social organisation that were specifically adapted to the colonisation of a new land, bearing little resemblance to what came after. Habitation at the sites ended during a period of economic transformation, after which they became outfields and pasture, part of the broader landscape of other farms. Archaeological study of small, non-farm dwelling sites is beginning to shed light on the economic and social role played by people whose lives and voices are not a part of the historical record.
Résumé
Petits Sites D’habitat Pendant la Colonisation Médiévale de L’Islande Par Kathryn A Catlin
De très petits sites d’habitat remontant à la colonisation de l’Islande (9e et 10e siècles) ont été récemment étudiés dans la région de Hegranes à Skagafjörður, dans le nord du pays. Les sites n’étaient plus peuplés au début du 12e siècle, et ils se distinguent des établissements agricoles à plus d’un regard, notamment l’étendue spatiotemporelle, le paysage environnant et le contenu des tas d’ordures. L’établissement de petits sites d’habitat suggère que la colonisation islandaise se caractérisait par des formes d’aménagement du paysage et d’organisation sociale qui étaient adaptées spécifiquement à la colonisation de nouvelles terres, ressemblant peu aux formes ultérieures. Le peuplement des sites a pris fin lors d’une période de transformation économique, suite à laquelle ils sont devenus champs périphériques et pâturages s’intégrant dans le paysage agricole global d’autres exploitations. L’étude archéologique de petits sites d’habitat, qui n’étaient pas des fermes, commence à élucider le rôle socio-économique de ces personnes dont la vie et les voix n’étaient pas représentées dans les archives historiques.
Zusammenfassung
Kleine Siedlungsstellen im Zuge Der Mittelalterlichen Besiedlung Islands Von Kathryn A Catlin
Sehr kleine Siedlungsstellen aus der Zeit der Besiedlung, dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert n. Chr., wurden kürzlich in der Gegend von Hegranes (Skagafjörður, Nordisland) untersucht. Die bis ins frühe 12. Jahrhundert bewohnten Siedlungsstellen unterschieden sich in vielerlei Hinsicht von Gehöften, sei es in Bezug auf ihre räumlich-zeitliche Ausdehnung, den landschaftlichen Kontext oder den Inhalt der Abfallgruben. Das Entstehen kleiner Siedlungsstellen lässt vermuten, dass die Besiedlung Islands von Formen der Landschaftspflege und gesellschaftlichen Organisation gekennzeichnet war, die gezielt auf das Kolonisieren von Neuland ausgerichtet waren und kaum Ähnlichkeiten mit den nachfolgenden Entwicklungen hatten. Im Rahmen einer wirtschaftlichen Umwälzung wurden die Siedlungsstellen von ihren Bewohnern verlassen und anschließend als hofferne Flächen und Weideflächen genutzt, wodurch sie Teil der weiteren Umgebung anderer Höfe wurden. Die archäologische Untersuchung kleiner nicht-landwirtschaftlicher Siedlungsstellen beginnt Licht auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Rolle jener Menschen zu werfen, deren Leben und Stimmen in den historischen Quellen nicht vertreten sind.
Riassunto
Piccoli Siti Abitativi Nello Stanziamento Medievale Dell’Islanda di Kathryn A Catlin
Recentemente nello Skagafjörður, nella regione di Hegranes (Islanda settentrionale), si è investigato su piccolissimi siti abitativi risalenti al periodo dello stanziamento (IX e X secolo d.C.). Entro l’inizio del XII secolo i siti erano spopolati, e differiscono dalle tenute agricole da molti punti di vista, tra cui l’estensione spaziotemporale, il contesto paesaggistico e il contenuto dei rifiuti domestici. L’istituzione di piccoli siti abitativi indica che lo stanziamento islandese fu caratterizzato da tipi di gestione del paesaggio e di organizzazione sociale adattati in modo specifico alla colonizzazione di un nuovo paese, scarsamente somiglianti a quanto avvenne in seguito. I siti cessarono di essere abitati durante un periodo di trasformazione economica, dopo il quale divennero campi esterni e pascoli, parte del più vasto paesaggio di altre tenute agricole. Lo studio archeologico dei piccoli siti abitativi diversi dalle tenute agricole sta iniziando a mettere in luce il ruolo sociale ed economico di popolazioni le cui vite e le cui voci non fanno parte dei documenti storici.
Acknowledgements
Profound gratitude is due to the people of Skagafjörður for the hospitality, generosity, insight, and support that they have offered to the Skagafjörður Church and Settlement Survey, the Fornbýli Landscape and Archaeological Survey on Hegranes, and the Skagafjörður Archaeological Settlement Survey, and to the students and researchers who have contributed to the success of the projects over the past two decades, especially Grace Cesario, Eric Johnson, Melissa Ritchey, Nicholas Zeitlin, and Bryndís Zoëga, who led excavations and/or survey at several of the described sites. I thank my colleagues at Northwestern University, the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Skagafjörður Heritage Museum, Brown University, and the University of Iceland for providing comments on earlier versions of this manuscript and valuable discussions as I developed my ideas, particularly John Steinberg, Douglas Bolender, Matthew Johnson, Guðný Zoëga, Orri Vésteinsson, and Peter van Dommelen. I also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. Fieldwork was funded by the US National Science Foundation (OPP #1523025, 1417772, 0909393; BCS #0731371, 0107413), the Fulbright Commission, and the Leifur Eiríksson Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of supporting institutions or individuals.
Notes
12 Radiocarbon samples were AMS dated by B Damiata (Citation2019) at UC Irvine and calibrated using OxCal v4.3.2.
13 Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands Citation1918 [2016], Túnakort 0000-12 E-EP08 1-1 through 1-16.
22 During fieldwork, researchers identified at least one dark tephra layer between the LTL and H1104. Final characterisation and dating of the layer(s) is pending.
28 Hegrastaðir is associated with Hegranes’ first settler, Havarð hegri (the heron), but neither site now known by that name has significant evidence of habitation. Vigfússon Citation1888–92; Ólafsson et al 1936;.
29 Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands Citation1918 [2016], 0000-12 E-EP08 1-14.
31 Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands Citation1918 [2016], 0000-12 E-EP08 1-11.
39 Villages and towns were virtually absent in Iceland until the 19th century. Byock Citation2001; Karlsson Citation2000.
78 Jakobsson Citation2013; Sigurðsson Citation1999; Lárusson Citation1967. The first record of ownership for 14 of the Hegranes farms shows them under the control of either the bishopric at Hólar or the monastery at Reynistaður in 1295, 1374, 1388, or 1466, and Ríp is the parish church by 1318. The final two farms belong to Hólar by the mid-16th century. DI 2 (1253–1350 [1893]) 300–2, 467; DI 3 (1269–1415 [1896]) 277–85, 407–12; DI 4 (1265–1449 [1897]) 700–702; DI 9 (1262–1536 [1909–13]) 451–2; DI 15 (1567–70 [1947–50]) 212–31.
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