Abstract
METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN STATISTICAL MODELLING of chronological data have enabled fresh perspectives of the past to be gained from the analysis of large numbers of radiocarbon (14C) dates. A new analysis of radiocarbon dates associated with craftworking activities — handicrafts like antler-working or wood-working and metalworking technologies — from Irish sites of early medieval date is presented using a bootstrapped kernel density estimation (KDE) method. These models are used to assess whether the arrival of urbanism to Ireland in the 10th century brought about a major change to craftworking traditions, and to build a new and nuanced understanding of long-term trends at both secular and ecclesiastical sites of the period. These are shown to have differed, especially in the 8th century, at a crucial point in time. The findings add to the emerging narrative of demographic ‘decline’ from similar data-driven investigations of Ireland’s early medieval past, which pinpoint the beginning of the 8th century as a seminal moment of change. Crucially, however, they also reveal a more complex pattern of change involving a combination of processes, independent of urban development, but related to demographics, socio-economic re-organisation, changing settlement patterns, and the influence of the Church.
Résumé
800 ans de façonnage: travail artisanal au Haut Moyen-Âge et déclin au 8e siècle en Irlande par Emma Hannah
Les avancées méthodologiques réalisées dans la modélisation statistique des données chronologiques ont permis d’obtenir un nouvel éclairage sur les périodes historiques à partir de l’analyse d’un grand nombre de datations au radiocarbone (14C). Une nouvelle analyse de datations au carbone 14 associées aux activités artisanales —telles que la sculpture de ramure, du bois et les technologies métallurgiques — de sites irlandais du début du Moyen-Âge est présentée en utilisant une méthode d’estimation du noyau de densité (KDE) par bootstrap (autoamorçage). Ces modèles servent à analyser si l’arrivée de l’urbanisme en Irlande au 10e siècle a introduit un changement majeur au niveau des traditions artisanales, et à établir une nouvelle interprétation nuancée des tendances à long terme sur les sites séculaires et ecclésiastiques de cette période. On voit que ces dernières ont différé, particulièrement au 8e siècle, à un moment crucial. Les résultats viennent renforcer le discours émergeant d’un « déclin » démographique émanant d’études similaires sur des données du Haut Moyen-Âge en Irlande, qui pointent le début du 8e siècle comme étant un moment marquant de changement. Cependant, elles révèlent aussi significativement un motif de changement plus complexe faisant intervenir une combinaison de processus qui sont indépendants du développement urbain, mais plutôt liés à la démographie, la réorganisation socioéconomique, l’évolution des schémas de peuplement et l’influence de l’Église.
Zussamenfassung
800 Jahre Gestalten: Frühmittelalterliches Kunsthandwerk und dessen Niedergang im Irland des 8. Jahrhunderts von Emma Hannah
Methodologische Fortschritte bei der statistischen Modellierung chronologischer Daten haben es ermöglicht, aus der Analyse zahlreicher Radiokarbondaten (14C) neue Perspektiven auf die Vergangenheit zu gewinnen. Hier werden die Ergebnisse einer mittels Kerndichteschätzung (KDE) mit Bootstrapping vorgenommenen neuen Analyse von Radiokarbondaten frühmittelalterlicher irischer Fundorte vorgestellt, die zu handwerklichen Tätigkeiten – Kunsthandwerk wie die Geweihbearbeitung oder Techniken der Holz- und Metallbearbeitung – einen Bezug haben. Diese Modelle werden herangezogen, um festzustellen, ob der Einzug des Urbanismus im Irland des 10. Jahrhunderts zu einem Umbruch in den kunsthandwerklichen Traditionen führte, und um ein neues, differenziertes Verständnis der langfristigen Tendenzen in den weltlichen und kirchlichen Stätten der damaligen Zeit aufzubauen. Es wird gezeigt, dass es hier zu einem entscheidenden Zeitpunkt Unterschiede gab, insbesondere im 8. Jahrhundert. Die Ergebnisse ergänzen das Narrativ eines demografischen ”Niedergangs”, das sich aus ähnlichen datengestützten Untersuchungen der frühmittelalterlichen Vergangenheit Irlands ergibt, die den Beginn des 8. Jahrhunderts als Schlüsselmoment des Wandels identifizieren. Bezeichnenderweise bringen die Ergebnisse jedoch auch ein komplexeres Muster an Veränderungen zum Vorschein, das eine Kombination von Vorgängen beinhaltet, die unabhängig von der Stadtentwicklung waren, jedoch in Zusammenhang mit demografischen Entwicklungen, sozioökonomischer Reorganisation, wechselnden Siedlungsmustern und dem Einfluss der Kirche zu sehen sind.
Riassunto
800 anni di produzione: l’artigianato altomedievale e il declino dell’VIII secolo in Irlanda di Emma Hannah
I progressi metodologici nella modellazione statistica di dati cronologici hanno aperto sul passato nuove prospettive che si possono ottenere dall’analisi di rilevanti quantità di datazioni con radiocarbonio (14C). Qui vene presentata una nuova analisi di datazione radiometrica associata ad attività artigianali — quali le tecniche di lavorazione del corno o del legno e dei metalli — da siti irlandesi del periodo altomedievale, utilizzando una tecnica statistica di ricampionamento (bootstrap) con il metodo stima kernel di densità. Questi modelli vengono usati sia per valutare se l’arrivo dell’urbanesimo in Irlanda nel X secolo abbia determinato un considerevole cambiamento delle tradizioni artigianali sia per formare una comprensione nuova e ricca di sfumature riguardo alle tendenze durature sia nei siti secolari che in quelli ecclesiastici del periodo. Essi dimostrano di essere stati diversi, specialmente nell’VIII secolo, in un momento cruciale. I ritrovamenti corroborano la narrativa emergente del “declino” demografico che risulta da indagini simili basate su dati riguardanti il passato altomedievale dell’Irlanda, le quali individuano nell’inizio dell’VIII secolo il momento di un cambiamento determinante. Tuttavia, cosa significativa, esse rivelano anche uno schema di cambiamento più complesso che coinvolgeva un insieme di processi indipendenti dallo sviluppo urbano, ma che era legato ai dati demografici, alla riorganizzazione socioeconomica, al cambiamento degli schemi di insediamento e all’influenza della Chiesa.
acknowledgements
I am extremely grateful to Drs Finbar McCormick and Rowan McLaughlin for their guidance, support, and comments on this work. Transport Infrastructure Ireland and the Digital Repository of Ireland are to be thanked for making many of the unpublished excavation reports widely available online, along with the many archaeologists who have worked on the sites included in this research and have contributed much to our knowledge of early medieval Ireland. This work was undertaken at Queen’s University Belfast and formed part of a doctoral thesis funded by the AHRC Northern Bridge Consortium (2016–2020).
Notes
7 See various entries within Kerr et al Citation2015 site gazetteer.
12 See, eg, Kerr Citation2007 on changing settlement patterns; McCormick Citation2014 and McClatchie et al Citation2015 on the shifting emphasis in agricultural practices; or McLaughlin et al Citation2018 for evidence indicative of declining sociocultural activity in the 9th and 10th centuries ad.
25 See Edinborough et al Citation2017, McLaughlin Citation2018 and Solheim and Iverson Citation2019 for examples of dates-as-data approaches that successfully identify historic instances of population fluctuations.
52 The chronology for charcoal production was first noted by Kenny Citation2010.
104 Reference in the Annals of Ulster 891.2; Bambury and Beechinor Citation2000. Reference in the Annals of the Four Masters 887; O'Donovan Citation1848, 51. See also Stevens and Channing Citation2012, 124.
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