Medieval Britain and Ireland in 2020

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Notes

1 Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PH. [email protected]

2 Full details of all finds recorded by PAS can be found at: <finds.org.uk/database> [accessed 18 May 2021].

3 Finds reported via the Treasure Act 1996 are now included on the Portable Antiquities Scheme Database (PASD). PAS and Treasure Annual Reports are free to download at <finds.org.uk/publications>.

4 As of 31 December 2020. Figures are taken from the PAS database and include finds reported under the Treasure Act 1996.

5 See Allen et al forthcoming 2021 for further details. Coin finds include all medieval rulers up to and including Henry VII (1485–1509).

6 See Naylor 2020, 354 for last year’s figures. We are also indebted to the many finders who have provided images of their discoveries for remote recording and for their permission to use these in database records.

7 Thanks to all PAS FLOs, volunteers and specialists (both within and outside of the PAS) for their work in identifying and recording the thousands of medieval objects brought to the PAS every year, as well as providing broader context for many of our finds. This round-up would not have been possible without their expertise and input into the individual records that are discussed. These records form the basis for the discussion of the items included. Additional thanks to Ian Richardson for his help and advice regarding last year’s Treasure cases, and to Michael Lewis and Kevin Leahy for their discussion and comments on some of the objects included. Any errors remain the responsibility of individual authors.

8 Eg Patching (Sussex): Abdy 2006.

9 Bland and Loriot (2010, tab 33 cat 85 and 265) list only a Germanic copy found at Piercebridge (Co Durham) and a mounted silver siliqua from Chatham (Kent).

10 It is only the second recorded from SW England by the PAS; see HAMP-38D124 from Buttermere (Wiltshire).

11 Gold tremisses found along the River Trent include NLM-BE8DC8 and EMC 2020.0394, 2005.0189, 2008.0316. See <emc.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/> [accessed 29 June 2021].

12 See previous PAS reports: Naylor 2019, 404–6; 2020, 355.

13 Naismith 2017, 56–7.

14 The two other finds from Cheshire: LVPL-FBB5A1 and LVPL-6F706D.

15 Meols: Bean 2007, 343; Manchester: Richardson 1984.

16 Gannon 2013, 136.

17 Naismith 2017, tab 9.

18 Eg Scull and Naylor 2016, 225–6; Hall 2012, 82. Pierced coins pre-dating ad 1180 come under the auspices of the Treasure Act 1996. This coin has been reported as ‘potential Treasure’ and, at the time of writing, is an ongoing case.

19 See KENT-94F984.

20 Blackburn 2006, 221; Higham and Ryan 2013, 304–5.

21 Naismith 2017, 295–8.

22 Eg see Naylor 2020, 361.

23 See GLO-D4B576, found at Wedmore, Somerset.

24 Naylor 2010; Naylor forthcoming.

25 Jonsson and van der Meer 1990, 66–7, 84–9.

26 Besly 2016, 145.

27 A small number of hoards are known. See Allen 2015, 147, fig 2.

28 Eg Allen 2001, 606.

29 See Oksanen and Lewis 2020 for discussion of medieval markets and PAS data.

30 Allen 2012, 271.

31 Dykes 2013, 124.

32 Eg Daubney 2009, tab 1.

33 Hardering 2020.

34 This coin may be part of a dispersed hoard and has been reported as ‘potential Treasure’. Kelleher 2007, 221 reports (coin no 6) the only certain stray find.

35 Dickinson 2010, 183; Oxford Archaeology 2016.

36 Rahtz et al 1992, 237–42.

37 See IOW-E6AEA9, NLM-7DC6F6, LIN-4F6CE7.

38 Newton Moor: National Museum Wales acc no 93.78H <museum.wales/collections/online/object/6ec8acc4-5b3d-35c0-a3bb-9af41d43a3db/Early-Medieval-copper-alloy-penannular-brooch/> [accessed 9 July 2021]; Linney Burrows: Redknap 2007, no 25.

39 Youngs 1989, nos 46 and 59.

40 Eg see drinking horn finial in the Ashmolean Museum (acc no AN1927.123) <collections.ashmolean.org/object/317906> [accessed 9 July 2021].

41 Twenty early medieval records on the PAS database are described as ‘ringed pins’.

42 Griffiths 2007, 67–9.

43 Weetch 2014, 69–71; type 2.Ai.

44 WMID-E74798; SWYOR-AB8A36; BH-1FF373; YORYM-06A08C; BH-545D6D.

45 Webley 2017, 6, 8–11, fig 3.

46 Leahy and Lewis 2018, 116; Anderson 2010.

47 Anderson 2010, 199.

48 Harvey and McGuinness 1996, 58–9, 70.

49 Egan and Pritchard 1991, 183–4.

50 Eg Williams 2009; Kershaw 2015.

51 Kershaw 2015, 151, fig 10.2.

52 Williams 2009, fig 8.6.

53 Graham-Campbell 2011.

54 Kershaw 2015.

55 Griffiths 2009.

56 Ibid, 15–16.

57 Hadley and Richards 2016; 2018.

58 Hadley and Richards 2018, 2–3, fig 3.

59 Thomas 2004. Class E, Type 3 is common in the Danelaw and Scandinavia and Class F is considered Hiberno-Norse.

60 Inlaid weights: LANCUM-C07CE5; LVPL1049; LANCUM-4EDD1E. Silver ingot: LANCUM-E88AE2. Sword parts (Petersen Type L): LANCUM-8FC0B6; LANCUM-F7D49D. Strap-ends: LANCUM-6B9143 (Class E); LANCUM-2AD712 (Class F).

61 Griffiths 2009, 14–15, fig 2.1.

62 Blackburn 2007, 125.

63 See <www.romanroads.org/gazetteer/lancspages.html> [accessed 18 June 2021].

64 Thomas 2004, 2, no 28.

65 Other finds: NCL-C53CC3; DENO-083C15; LEIC-982247 (all Leicestershire).

66 Copper-alloy ingots: LANCUM-92F87A (Waddington); LANCUM-9CB512 (Clitheroe); and LANCUM-53BBB4 (West Bradford).

67 Hadley and Richards 2016, 47–8, fig 19.

68 LANCUM-682DB1; LANCUM-1D7604.

69 Eg SWYOR-E16C55; BH-C5E266. See Pedersen 2007 for weights of oblate-spheroid form from Kaupang (Norway), the heaviest weighing 91.42 g (find no C52517/1746).

70 Hadley and Richards 2018, fig 3.

71 Reported as potential Treasure under Treasure Act 1996 (case 2019 T38). Research on the hoard is ongoing.

72 Excavated settlements in these upland areas include Gauber High Pasture, Ribblehead (King 1978).

73 With thanks to Kevin Leahy and Alex Whitlock for comments on a draft text, and to Amy Downes and Ian Richardson for discussing the Hellifield Hoard, enabling me to mention it here. Any errors or omissions remain my own.

74 See eg Steuer 1992, 408, abb 2 for a distribution map.

75 Weitzmann-Fiedler 1981.

76 Cohen and Safran 2006.

77 Janowski 2019, with references.

78 Cherry 1984; Weitzmann-Fiedler 1981; nothing relevant was noted, for example, from the extensive London excavations of the 1970 and 1980s (Egan 2010, 158).

79 Poklewski 1961, 25, 35–8.

80 Janowski 2019, 89.

81 Eg Ward Perkins 1940, 202–3, fig 65.

82 Janowski 2019, 88 and n 16.

83 Read 2021, 10–11, no 25.

84 Museum no 1925,1008.1, available online at <www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1925-1008-1> [accessed February 2021]; Weitzmann-Fiedler 1981, cat 2.

85 This specific legend break has not been traced.

86 Inv no 1914,71, available online at <www.smb-digital.de/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=1963635&viewType=detailView> [accessed February 2021].

87 Müller 1998, 40.

88 Duncan 2015, 85, fig 50, no SF 68.

89 Ibid, 84.

90 Webley forthcoming.

91 Krabath 2001, 79, karte 16; Feveile 2017, 64, fig 9.

92 Reproduced in Janowski 2019, 91, fig 3, no 4.

93 Department of Archaeology, University of York, King’s Manor, York YO1 7EP, UK; [email protected]. I am grateful to Andrzej Janowski and John Cherry for discussing the Benniworth fragment, and to Rod Trevaskus for his help producing Fig 2. I also thank Oxford Archaeology Ltd for allowing reproduction of the object in Fig 9, and Laura Burnett for her helpful comments on the whole note. Any errors remain my own responsibility.