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Articles

Pigments from the Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) ship sculpture: red, white and blue?

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Pages 269-290 | Published online: 25 Feb 2016
 

Abstract

SUMMARY: The Dutch East India Company ship Zuiddorp (also known as Zuytdorp) met its demise in 1712 at the base of steep cliffs along the Western Australian coast. Material from the shipwreck includes an extraordinary example of a caryatid herm from the ship’s stern counter. A recent study of this sculpture and the pigments found on its surface demonstrates Zuiddorp’s archaic stern construction and adornment, which is more of a late 17th-century, than an early 18th-century, Dutch Indiaman. This paper discusses the results of this study and emphasizes how the smallest pieces of evidence can broaden our understanding of contemporaneous regional Dutch East India Company shipbuilding practices.

Abbreviations

CT Computed tomography

NA National Archives of the Netherlands

SEM Scanning electron microscopy

RCE Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (National Cultural Heritage)

VOC Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (United East India Company)

XRD  X-ray diffraction

XRF X-ray fluorescence

Summary Translations in French, German, Italian and Spanish

RÉSUMÉ

Les pigments de la sculpture du navire de Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) : rouge, blanc et bleu ?

Le navire de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales Zuiddorp (aussi connu sous le nom de Zuytdorp) a disparu en 1712 au pied des falaises le long de la côte occidentale australienne. Le matériel provenant de l’épave comprend un exemple extraordinaire d’hermès caryatide provenant de la poupe du navire. Une récente étude de cette sculpture et des pigments trouvés sur sa surface montre que la construction et la décoration archaïques de la poupe de Zuiddorp correspondent à celles d’un indiaman hollandais datant plus probablement de la fin du XVIIe siècle que du début du XVIIIe siècle. Cet article présente les résultats de cette étude et montre comment les plus petits indices peuvent élargir notre compréhension des pratiques contemporaines régionales de la construction navale de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Pigmente von der Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) Schiffsskulptur: rot, weiß und blau?

Das Schiff der Holländischen Ost-Indien Kompanie Zuiddrop (auch bekannt als Zuytdrop) fand sein Ende in 1712 am Boden eines steilen Kliffs an der westlichen Küste Australiens. Das Material des Schiffwracks enthält auch ein außerordentliches Beispiel einer weiblichen Pfeilerstatue, der Gallionsfigur, die am hinteren Schiff angebracht ist. Eine kürzlich veröffentlichte Studie dieser Figur und ihrer Oberflächen-Farbpigmente zeigt eine alte Art der Konstruktion und Dekoration des Achterschiffs der Zuiddrop, die eher aus dem späten 17. als aus dem frühen 18. Jahrhundert eines ‚Dutch Indiaman‘, eines Schiffs der Ost-Indien Kompanie, stammt. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit dem Resultat der Studie und betont, wie sogar die kleinsten Beweisstücke unser Verständnis des derzeitigen Schiffbaus der Holländischen Ost-Indien Kompanie erweitern kann.

RIASSUNTO

Pigmenti dalla scultura di poppa della Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp): rosso, bianco e blu?

La Zuiddorp (nota anche come Zuytdorp), una nave della Compagnia Olandese delle Indie Orientali, incontrò il suo destino nel 1712 ai piedi di scoscese scogliere lungo la costa dell’Australia occidentale. Il materiale recuperato dal naufragio comprende uno straordinario esemplare di cariatide intagliata collocata a poppa. Un recente studio di questa scultura e dei pigmenti rinvenuti sulla sua superficie ha messo in luce l’antica struttura e la decorazione della poppa della Zuiddorp, impiegata nella flotta Olandese delle Indie, e databile al tardo XVII secolo piuttosto che all’inizio del XVIII. L’articolo presenta i risultati di questo lavoro, sottolineando come anche il più piccolo dettaglio possa ampliare la nostra comprensione sulla tecnica costruttiva impiegata a quel tempo per la flotta della Compagnia Olandese delle Indie Orientali.

RESUMEN

Los pigmentos de la escultura del barco Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp): ¿rojo, blanco y azul?

La nave Zuiddorp (también conocida como Zuytdorp) de la Compañía Holandesa de la India Oriental naufragó en 1712 en la base de los acantilados de la costa occidental de Australia. Entre el material del naufragio figura un extraordinario ejemplo de una cariátide de la popa del barco. Un estudio reciente de esta escultura y de sus pigmentos superficiales demuestra que tanto el sistema de construcción de la popa del Zuiddorp como su decoración pertenecen a un sistema arcaico, más de finales del siglo XVII que de principios del XVIII. Este artículo habla de los resultados de este estudio y destaca cómo incluso las piezas más pequeñas de evidencia pueden ampliar nuestra comprensión de las prácticas regionales contemporáneas de la construcción naval empleada por la Compañía Holandesa de la India Oriental.

Notes

1 #xA0;The spelling of ship names in this article is consistent with the convention introduced by Bruijn, Gaastra and Schöffer (1979a, 1979b & 1987) in their seminal work Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th Centuries. This three-volume publication offers a uniform and modern-Dutch spelling for the generally inconsistent and numerous varieties of ship names given in historic sources. Bruijn, Gaastra and Schöffer refer to the four Dutch VOC ships that sank along the Western Australian coast as Batavia (1629) (the same as in old Dutch), Vergulde Draak (1656) (old Dutch: Vergulde Draak, Vergulden Draeck, Vergulde Draeck), Zeewijk (1727) (old Dutch: Zeewyck, Zeewick, Zeewijck or Zeewijk) and Zuiddorp (old Dutch: Zuytdorp). Geographical designations, such as the Zuytdorp cliffs, however, are used as they are gazetted as formal place names in the Gazetteer of Australia 2012 (Gazetteer of Australia 2012; Van Duivenvoorde 2015).

2 #xA0;Peters 2013.

3 #xA0;Hocker 2011, 67–81; Soop 1992, 1985.

4 #xA0;Musée National de la Marine 2003, 45–57, 100; Mourot & Béland 2001, 45–57, 100.

5 #xA0;Van Beylen 1970, 310; Van der Heide n.d., 27, fig. 21.

6 #xA0;Maritiem Digitaal.

7 #xA0;Daalder & Spits 2005, 104; Schokkenbroek & Zonnevylle-Heyning 1995, 20, 24, fig. 17; Spits et al. 2013, 135.

8 #xA0;See also Antczak et al., this issue.

9 #xA0;Berry 2012a; 2012b; Eriksson 2014, 151–76; 2012, 23–4, fig. 5; Eriksson & Rönnby 2012, 8; Hocker 2010; RCE 2012; Koehler 2012; Koehler et al. 2012.

10 #xA0;Bruijn et al. 1979a, 1884.1, 2033.2; 1979b, 6140.1, 6216.2.

11 #xA0;Bruijn et al. 1979a, 2147.3.

12 #xA0;Sigmond & Zuiderbaan 1995.

13 #xA0;Playford 2006, 82.

14 #xA0;Pendal 1994, 14.

15 #xA0;Pendal 1994, 14; Playford 2006, 45, 110–39.

16 #xA0;McCarthy 2009; 2008; 2006.

17 #xA0;Matthaeus 1759, 12–13; Paesi 2010, 65.

18 #xA0;Van Dam & Stapel 1927, 510.

19 #xA0;NA 1.04.02, inv. nr. 10459, loose papers.

20 #xA0;Van Dam & Stapel 1927, 510. Playford (2006, 35) claims Zuiddorp carried 40 cannon including eight swivel guns, four of which would have been muzzle-loading and four breech-loading, but he does not cite a source for these numbers.

21 #xA0;Michael McCarthy pers. comm.

22 #xA0;Van Duivenvoorde 2015, 170–2; 2012a.

23 #xA0;McCarthy 2009, 3; Playford 2006, 2, 84–6.

24 #xA0;Van Beylen 1970, 224.

25 #xA0;Soop 1992, 147.

26 #xA0;Soop 1992, 147.

27 #xA0;The wood was identified up to species level by Nili Liphschitz at the Botanical Laboratories of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.

28 #xA0;NA 1.04.02, inv. no. 11336, 7 July 1701, f. 16.

29 #xA0;cf. Soop 1992, 48–52, cat. 7, 82–93, group 3.

30 #xA0;Ketting 1979.

31 #xA0;Gryc et al. 2011, 19.

32 #xA0;Megens 2010.

33 #xA0;Bell et al. 1997, 2165, fig. 33.

34 #xA0;Van de Graaf 1962, 471.

35 #xA0;Groen 2005, 21–3.

36 #xA0;Groen 2005, 25.

37 #xA0;Groen 2005, 19, fig. 2.

38 #xA0;Hoving 2005, 8, figs 7–8.

39 #xA0;Peters 2013, 68–72; Schokkenbroek & Zonnevylle-Heyning 1995, 17–18.

40 #xA0;Peters 2015, 78–9.

41 #xA0;De Heer 1978.

42 #xA0;Napier 2008.

43 #xA0;NA 1.01.02.

44 #xA0;NA 1.01.02, inv. no. 12561.154.1 (Stukken betreffende de aanbesteding).

45 #xA0;Van Dam & Stapel 1927, 453.

46 #xA0;Hoving & Lemmers 2001; Van Duivenvoorde 2015.

47 #xA0;Hocker 2004.

48 #xA0;Unger 1994, 124.

49 #xA0;Van IJk 1697, 77–8; Parthesius 1996, 81.

50 #xA0;Van der Woude 1972, 19–30.

51 #xA0;Hocker 2004, 83.

52 #xA0;Hoving and Lemmers 2001.

53 #xA0;Van Duivenvoorde 2015, 21.

54 #xA0;Hoving & Lemmers 2001, 49–50.

55 #xA0;Bruijn et al. 1987, 44; Hoving and Lemmers 2001, 45.

56 #xA0;Van Duivenvoorde 2015; 2012b.

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