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Articles

The medieval to early modern transition in a digital age: new developments relevant to the study of domestic buildings

La transition Moyen Âge — début de l’époque moderne, à l’ère du numérique: nouveaux développements dans l’étude des bâtiments

Der Übergang vom mittelalterlichen zum früh-modernen Digitalen Zeitalter: neue Entwicklung, relevant für das Studium von Wohnhäusern

La transizione dal Medioevo alla prima età moderna nell’era digitale: nuovi e rilevanti sviluppi per lo studio degli edifici residenziali

La transición entre la Edad Media y la Moderna en la era digital: nuevos avances en el estudio de edificios domésticos

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Pages 19-33 | Published online: 21 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

SUMMARY: Transitions in the archaeological and historical record are difficult to discuss and frequently avoided. The authors briefly outline here how this topic has been studied, particularly in Post-Medieval Archaeology, reviewing differences of approach between European-based archaeologists, who stress continuities with medieval times, and archaeologists in the USA and elsewhere, who commence their studies with the arrival of Europeans. This outline is then used to explore how this earliest formative era of the post-medieval period can be studied via modern digital techniques, using a case study drawing on the study of buildings archaeology to further understanding of the transition. This 50th-anniversary contribution therefore intentionally bridges the old and the new.

Résumé

Les transitions dans les enregistrements archéologiques et les documents historiques sont difficiles à traiter et souvent esquivées. Nous présentons ici un aperçu de la façon dont ce sujet a été traité, en particulier dans Post-Medieval Archaeology, en examinant les différences d’approche entre les archéologues basés en Europe qui mettent l’accent sur une continuité avec l’époque médiévale, et ceux d’Amérique et d’ailleurs qui font commencer leurs études avec l’arrivée des Européens. A partir de cette esquisse, et avec l’aide des techniques numériques modernes, nous étudierons le tout début de cette ère formatrice de l’époque postmédiévale. Pour ce faire, une étude de cas mobilisant l’étude archéologique du bâti permettra d’améliorer notre compréhension de la transition. Cette contribution au 50ème anniversaire couvre par conséquent l’ancien et le nouveau.

Zusammenfassung

Wechsel in archäologischer und historischer Aufzeichnung sind schwierig zu behandeln und werden oft umgangen. Wir behandeln hier kurz, wie dieses Thema untersucht wurde, besonders in Post-Medieval Archaeolgy (der Zeitschrift und dem Fach ‘Nach-mittelalterliche Archäologie’/post-medieval archaeology), indem wir die Unterschiede der Archäologen mit europäischer Annäherung, die auf Kontinuität mit der mittelalterlichen Zeit bestehen, während in Amerika und anderswo ihre Studien mit der Ankunft der Europäer beginnen. Diese Richtlinie wird dann dazu benutzt festzustellen, wie man die frühste nach-mittelalterliche Periode mit moderner digitaler Technik studieren kann, indem man eine Fall-Studie von archäologischen Gebäuden benutzt, um das Verständnis der Umwandlung zu fördern. Darum bauen diese Beiträge zum 50. Jubiläum bewusst Brücken zwischen alt und neu.

Riassunto

Nella documentazione archeologica e storica le transizioni sono difficili da discutere e spesso evitate. Delineiamo qui brevemente come è stato studiato questo argomento, con particolare riferimento all’archeologia post-medievale, esaminando le differenze di approccio fra gli archeologi che operano in Europa, che sottolineano la continuità con il periodo medievale, e gli archeologi attivi in America e altrove, i cui studi iniziano con l’arrivo degli Europei. Partendo da queste considerazioni, si passa ad esplorare come il primissimo momento di formazione dell’epoca post-medievale può essere studiato attraverso le moderne tecniche digitali, utilizzando un caso di studio che parte dall’analisi degli edifici archeologici per migliorare la nostra comprensione di questa transizione. Il volume del cinquantesimo anniversario congiunge intenzionalmente il vecchio con il nuovo.

Resumen

El tema de las transiciones tanto en el registro arqueológico como en el histórico es difícil de tratar y se evita con frecuencia. Este artículo comienza repasando brevemente cómo se ha estudiado este tema, sobre todo desde el punto de vista de la arqueología moderna, revisando los distintos enfoques adoptados por un lado por los arqueólogos europeos, quienes tienden a enfatizar las continuidades con la época medieval, y por otro por los arqueólogos en América y otros lugares, quienes comienzan sus estudios con la llegada de los europeos. El artículo pasa después a explorar cómo se puede estudiar el período temprano moderno utilizando técnicas digitales modernas, centrándose en un ejemplo de arqueología muraria para ilustrar como se entiende dicha transición. Este aporte a la celebración del 50 aniversario une, de forma intencional, lazos entre lo viejo y lo nuevo.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the editorial team of the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology for approaching us to write this article. Thanks also to Matthew Johnson, Penny Copeland, Matthew Harrison and Samuel Griffiths for discussing early drafts of this article.

Notes

1 Gaimster & Stamper Citation1997.

2 Deagan Citation1996; Little Citation1996; Citation2011. Also see in general the articles in Part II of Majewski & Gaimster Citation2011, 363–662.

3 The Jamestown articles in PMA 40:1 (2006) include offerings by Horning, Kelso, Straube, Pecoraro & Givens and Schmidt. See also Straube Citation2013.

4 For Quebec see PMA 43:1 (2009), edited by William Moss, and for Bermuda see PMA 45:1 (2011), edited by Brent Fortenberry and Marley Brown.

5 Gaimster Citation2002; Citation2011, 526; Courtney Citation2011; Egan Citation2011.

6 Crawford Citation1967.

7 Gomes & Casimiro Citation2013; Herremans & De Clercq Citation2013.

8 Vionis Citation2005.

9 Two other important articles on the subject of transition should be noted here: Courtney Citation1997 and Verhaeghe Citation1997.

10 Bedwin Citation1980; Peković & Topić Citation2011.

11 Portocarrerro Citation2011; Kenyon Citation1977; Harris Citation1980; Caldwell & Ewart Citation1997.

12 Ballin Citation2012.

13 Atzbach Citation2012; Gaimster Citation2012.

14 Johnson Citation2002, 133–4; Citation2010, 87–112.

15 Wood Citation1965; Cooper Citation1999; Emery Citation2007; Steane Citation2001.

17 Wood Citation1965, 247; Gardiner Citation2000.

18 Wood Citation1965.

19 Cooper Citation1997. The complex history of the hall from earliest times is dealt with by Thompson Citation1995.

20 Langland Citation1966, 115.

21 Faulkner Citation1963; Citation1975; Gilchrist Citation1988; Richardson Citation2003.

22 See Hillier & Hanson Citation1989.

23 Cooper Citation1997.

24 For example, Coulson Citation1992, 75, 80–1; Johnson Citation2002, 19–54; O’Neil Citation1960, 16; Kenyon Citation1981, 209.

25 Faulkner, Citation1963, 230–5.

27 Taylor et al. Citation1990, 157.

29 Emery Citation2006a.

30 Cooper Citation1999.

32 Cooper et al. Citationforthcoming.

34 Copeland & Cooper Citationforthcoming.

35 RCAHMS Citation2011.

36 Abbott Citation2015.

37 Joyce Citation2015.

38 Open Virtual Worlds Citation2014.

39 Turner & Jones-Jenkins Citation2015.

40 Emery Citation2006b.

41 Eiteljorg Citation1998; Kantner Citation2000; Goodrick & Earl Citation2004; Gillings Citation2005.

42 Tost Citation2008.

44 Gilchrist Citation2012; Woolgar Citation2006.

45 Cooper Citation2014.

46 King & Masinton Citation2013.

47 Giles et al. Citation2012.

48 Chalmers & Zanyi Citation2010.

49 Murillo et al. Citation2014.

50 Cooper Citation2014.

51 Champion Citation2015.

53 Cooper Citation2010.

54 Dhoop Citation2015.

55 Cooper Citation2010.

56 Campbell et al. Citationforthcoming.

57 Cooper et al. Citationforthcoming.

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