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Articles

The post-medieval rural landscape: towards a landscape archaeology?

Le paysage rural postmédiéval: vers une archéologie du paysage?

Die nach-mittelalterlich ländliche Landschaft: in Richtung auf Landschafts-Archäologie?

Il paesaggio rurale post-medievale: verso un’archeologia del paesaggio?

El paisaje rural post-medieval: ¿hacia una arqueología del paisaje?

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Pages 92-107 | Published online: 21 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

SUMMARY: This article examines the evidence for engagement with the rural post-medieval landscape using two national case studies: Wales and Scotland. The issues reflected in these case studies are indicative of the wider challenges for archaeologists and professional practitioners alike. The article recognizes that landscape is not just about geographical place, but an archaeological theoretical framework. It proposes that Post-Medieval Archaeology monographs and conference sessions specific to landscape could help to tease out themes that address the big questions of the post-medieval world — capitalism, modernity and improvement — but also take account of agency, identity and meaning.

Résumé

Cet article examine les indices d’un intérêt pour le paysage rural postmédiéval en utilisant deux études de cas nationaux: le Pays de Galle et l’Ecosse. Les questions reflétées dans ces études de cas sont révélatrices de défis plus larges pour les archéologues et autres professionnels du patrimoine. L’article reconnait que le paysage n’est pas seulement un lieu géographique mais un cadre théorique archéologique. Il propose d’utiliser les monographies de Post-Medieval Archaeology et les sessions de conférence spécifiques au paysage pour dégager les thèmes sur les grands questionnements du monde postmédiéval: capitalisme, modernité et progrès, mais aussi prendre en compte entremise, identité et signification.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht Anzeichen von Verantwortung für ländliche nach-mittelalterliche Landschaft auf der Basis von zwei Fallstudien: Wales und Schottland. Die in diesen Studien behandelten Sachverhalte sind bezeichnend für die weitreichenden Herausforderungen der Archäologen und praktischen Fachleute. Die Studie erkennt, dass ,Landschaft’ nicht nur einen geographischen Ort beschreibt, sondern auch einen theoretischen Rahmen enthält. Sie schlägt vor, dass nach-mittelalterliche Monographien und Konferenzen speziell der Landschaft gewidmete Themen beleuchten könnten, die die großen Fragen der nach-mittelalterlichen Welt ansprechen und mit einbeziehen würden: nicht nur Kapitalismus, Modernität und Verbesserung, sondern auch Behörden, Identität und Bedeutung.

Riassunto

Questo contributo prende in esame le prove di un impegno verso la salvaguardia del paesaggio rurale post-medievale, rifacendosi a due casi di studio nazionali: il Galles e la Scozia. Le questioni argomentate in questi casi di studio sono indicative per sfide più ampie e che coinvolgono parimenti archeologi e altri professionisti. Il lavoro riconosce che il paesaggio non è un mero luogo geografico, ma una struttura teorica per l’archeologia. Suggerisce come monografie e sessioni specifiche dedicate al paesaggio in seno a convegni possano essere utili per far chiarezza su temi che affrontano questioni di ampio respiro per il mondo post-medievale: il capitalismo, la modernità e lo sviluppo, prendendo tuttavia in considerazione anche la fattibilità, l’identità e il significato.

Resumen

En este artículo se examina la evidencia existente a la hora de estudiar el paisaje rural post-medieval, y se utilizarán como base dos estudios nacionales: el País de Gales y Escocia. Las cuestiones que se reflejan en estos estudios hacen eco a su vez de cuestiones más amplias a las que se enfrentan los arqueólogos en general. El artículo reconoce que el paisaje no versa sólo sobre un lugar geográfico sino sobre un marco teórico arqueológico también. Se propone que las monografías publicadas por Post-Medieval Archaeology y sus conferencias específicamente relacionadas con el paisaje podrían contribuir a identificar los grandes temas que se presentan en el mundo post-medieval en general: el capitalismo, la modernidad y la mejora, pero teniendo en cuenta la agencia, identidad y significado.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Charles Orser and Dr David Petts for their kind review comments and suggestions. Errors and omissions are the authors’ own.

Notes

1 Hoskins Citation1955, 14.

2 Lefebvre Citation1991, 26.

3 Johnson Citation2010, 235.

4 CitationDalglish 2002; ScARF 2012.

5 Triggs Citation2011.

6 Fleming Citation2007.

7 Johnson 2007a; 2007b.

8 Portocarrero Citation2011.

9 Johnson Citation2002; Coulson Citation2003; Austin Citation1984.

10 Portocarrero Citation2011, 306.

11 Portocarrero Citation2011, 306.

12 Newman Citation2005.

13 For instance, A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales (IFA Wales/Cymru Citation2008).

14 Newman Citation2005, 210.

16 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010, 311.

20 Dalglish Citation2002, 482–4.

21 For example, Grant Citation1924.

25 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010, 312.

26 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010, 312.

27 Caird & Proudfoot Citation1987.

28 Fairhurst Citation1960.

29 Fairhurst Citation1960, 73.

30 Dalglish Citation2002, 485.

31 Crawford Citation1967.

32 Crawford Citation1967, 84.

33 For example, Morrison Citation2000.

34 Dalglish Citation2002, 485.

39 Govan Citation2003.

40 Atkinson et al. Citation2000.

44 Much of the work described in CitationGovan 2003; CitationMorrison 1977.

46 Dalglish Citation2002.

47 Dalglish Citation2002, 490–3.

48 Atkinson et al. Citation2000.

50 Lelong Citation2000.

51 Ingold Citation1993.

52 Campbell Citation2009, 318.

54 For example, Bourdieu Citation1977.

56 Dalglish Citation2005.

58 Given Citation2004.

59 Adamson Citation2008.

60 Adamson Citation2014.

61 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010.

62 Symonds Citation2000.

64 Bourdieu Citation1977; Bender Citation1993; Tilley Citation1994; Ingold Citation1993.

70 Grant Citation2014.

72 Basu Citation2000.

75 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010, 310, 311.

76 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010, 313.

77 Dalglish Citation2010.

78 Dalglish Citation2013.

79 Driscoll & Dalglish Citation2010, 314.

81 Dalglish Citation2005.

82 Schweickart Citation2014.

83 Barrowman Citation2015.

84 Peate Citation1940.

85 Fox Citation1939.

86 Butler Citation1963.

88 Ward Citation1997.

89 Allen Citation1979.

90 Tarlow Citation2007, 10.

91 Tarlow Citation2007, 27.

92 Tarlow Citation2007, 48.

93 Tarlow Citation2008: 179.

94 Bezant Citation2014, 61.

95 Tarlow Citation2008, 184–5.

96 Tarlow Citation2007, 49, after Johnson Citation1996.

97 Wmffre Citation2009.

98 Sambrook Citation2006.

99 Sambrook wrote the assessment for south-west Wales for Dyfed Archaeological Trust (Cambria Archaeology at the time). The other trusts were Gwynedd, Glamorgan Gwent and Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trusts.

100 For instance, Owen Citation1841.

101 Sambrook Citation2006, 102.

102 Sambrook Citation2006, 102.

103 Sambrook Citation2006, 106.

104 Johnson Citation2006; Fleming Citation2007, 86.

105 Austin Citation2006, 193.

106 Austin Citation2007.

107 Rippon Citation2007.

108 Austin Citation2007, 93.

109 Austin Citation2007, 94.

110 LANDMAP stands for Landscape Assessment and Decision Making Process. It is still used, but the Countryside Council for Wales is now merged with the Environment Agency Wales and the Forestry Commission Wales into a single body: Natural Resources Wales. Many are concerned about the protection and curation of the historic environment under this ‘natural’-environment-focused body with inevitable pressure on resources.

111 Austin Citation2007, 98.

112 Austin Citation2007, 95.

113 Austin Citation2007, 94.

114 Austin Citation2007, 104.

115 See, for example, Austin Citation2012; Citation2013; Bezant Citation2013; Citation2014, Fleming & Barker Citation2008.

116 Aston & Gerrard Citation2013.

117 Fleming Citation1998.

118 Tarlow Citation2007, 3.

119 Tarlow Citation2007, 5.

120 Tarlow Citation2007, 5.

121 ScARF Citation2012a.

122 RFAW Citation2011.

123 RFAW Citation2011.

124 RFAW Citation2011.

125 RFAW Citation2011.

126 For instance, Monbiot Citation2015.

127 Austin Citation2006, 194.

128 For instance, see Sayce Citation1956; Citation1957.

129 Austin Citation2006, 196–7.

130 MacKay Citation1988.

131 Dalglish Citation2002, 489.

133 ScARF Citation2012b.

134 ScARF Citation2012b.

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