The Good Woman: the provenance and purpose of Montelupo oil jars

Abstract

In memory of Ronald Coleman of Chapel Hill, Queensland, Australia (1938–2008)

SUMMARY: The Tuscan origin of the characteristic large oil jars found all over the world was confirmed by neutron activation analysis about 20 years ago, although some still call them Iberian storage jars. Our paper presents the unpublished analytical data and considers whose oil they contained. Italian records show that in the 18th century Montelupo despatched coppi (jars) down the River Arno to Lucca, where the best Italian olive oil was produced, and to Livorno (Leghorn), then the largest emporium in the Mediterranean for transit trade. In London, the jars became a familiar sight with different high and popular cultural meanings.

RÉSUMÉ

La bonne femme: provenance et fonction des jarres à huiles de Montelupo

L’origine toscane des grandes jarres à huiles typiques, découvertes dans le monde entier, a été confirmée par analyse par activation neutronique il y a environ 20 ans, bien qu’elles soient encore parfois qualifiées de ‘jarres de stockage ibériques’. Cet article présente les données analytiques jusqu’alors inédites et s’interroge sur le type d’huile qu’elles contenaient. Les registres italiens montrent qu’au XVIIIe siècle, Montelupo envoyait par le fleuve Arno des coppi (jarres) à Lucca, lieu de production de la meilleure huile italienne, ainsi qu’à Livourne, qui était alors le plus grand emporium de Méditerranée pour le commerce de transit. A Londres, les jarres étaient devenues monnaie courante, avec diverses significations culturelles hautes et populaires.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Die Gute Frau: der Ursprung und Zweck der Montelupo Ölkrüge

Der Toskanische Ursprung, deren charakteristisches Merkmal, die großen Ölgefäße, die in der ganzen Welt zu finden sind, wurde vor ungefähr 20 Jahren durch Neutronen Aktivierung bestätigt, obwohl einige Experten sie noch immer ‚iberische Fässer‘ nennen. Unser Artikel stellt die unveröffentlichten analytischen Daten vor und prüft, wessen Öl sie enthalten. Italienische Unterlagen zeigen, daß im 18. Jh. Montelupo coppi (Gefäße) den Arno flußab nach Lucca gesandt wurden, wo das beste italienische Olivenöl produziert wurde, und weiter nach Livorno, damals das größte mediterrane Warenhaus für Transithandel. In London waren die Gefäße altvertraut unter verschieden hohen und populär kulturellen Bedeutungen.

RIASSUNTO

La buona donna provenienza e utilizzo degli orci da olio di Montelupo

Già venti anni fa, le analisi di attivazione neutronica avevano confermato l’origine toscana dei grandi orci da olio rinvenuti in tutto il mondo; ciò nonostante, alcuni continuano a designarle come recipienti da magazzino di origine spagnola. Il nostro articolo presenta i dati inediti delle analisi, e prende in considerazione il tipo di olio contenuto nei recipienti. Documenti d’archivio italiani indicano che durante il XVIII secolo i ‘coppi’ (orci) venivano trasportati lungo il corso dell’Arno da Montelupo fino a Lucca, dove veniva prodotto il miglior olio di oliva italiano, ed anche al porto di Livorno, a quel tempo il più grande scalo marittimo del commercio mediterraneo. Questi orci divennero piuttosto conosciuti a Londra, rivestendo significati culturali diversi per le élite e a livello popolare.

RESUMEN

La buena mujer: la procedencia y uso de las jarras de aceite de Montelupo

El origen toscano de las características grandes jarras de aceite encontradas por todo el mundo fue ya confirmado por el análisis químico de sus pastas hace ya más de veinte años, aunque en la actualidad algunos autores siguen designándoles como jarras de origen ibérico. Nuestro trabajo presenta datos analíticos inéditos hasta el momento y considera el aceite que contienen. Los registros italianos muestran que en el siglo XVIII Montelupo despachó coppi (jarras) por el río Arno a Lucca, productor del mejor aceite de oliva italiano, y a Livorno, que entonces era el mayor emporio del Mediterráneo para el tránsito comercial. En Londres las jarras eran abundantes y adquirieron diversos significados culturales.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The analyses are published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum; they were undertaken at the behest of John Hurst, who selected the samples.³⁶⁴ The ‘purpose’ part of our paper was written in reaction to Ronald Coleman’s works. Some of the latter have not yet been published and present new data and insights. We hope the circulated paper will be made more widely available.³⁶⁵ The Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney acquired Coleman’s archive in 2011 and is publishing parts, starting with his work on HMS Pandora.³⁶⁶ A shorter and earlier version of this paper has appeared in the proceedings of the First International Topical Congress of the AIECM3 on Jars and large containers between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era, held at Montpellier-Lattes in 2014.³⁶⁷

We thank the following for providing samples, information and other assistance which has contributed to the preparation of our paper: the personnel of the Archivio Storico di Lucca, Roger Ainslie, John Allan, Tudor Allen, Paul Arthur, John Ashdown, Fausto Berti, Paola Betti, Francesco Bitossi, Peter Capon, Ronald Coleman, John Cotter, Mauro D’Archi, Gaëlle Dieulefet, Alessio Ferrari, Antonio and Marco Fornaciari, Thomas Gallant, Jerzy Gawronski, Kieran Hosty, John Hurst, Peter Illidge, Lee Jackson, Kristen McDonald, John Mallet, Elena Mariotti, Maureen Mellor, Marco Milanese, Hector Neff, Beverley Nenk, Sebastiaan Ostkamp, Anthony Porter, Anna Maria Pult Quaglia, Beatrice Tavecchio, Andrea Vanni Desideri, Élisabeth Veyrat, Alan Vince, this journal’s anonymous reviewer and the assistant editor, Penny Crook.

Notes

³⁶⁴ Hurst 1991, 213.

³⁶⁵ Coleman 2000; Coleman & Lee 2000. Also cited by Elkin 2011, 360; Illidge et al. 2014, 91. Appendices sent to Cotter and Hurst, Ashdown files.

³⁶⁶ Hosty, pers. comm.

³⁶⁷ Amouric et al. 2016, 239–59.

1 Noël Hume 1962, 208–10, fig. 28.5; 1963, 304–7; 1969, 37–8; 1970, 144.

2 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972; Ashdown 1974; 1975. We have also drawn on little known and unpublished information in Ashdown’s files.

3 Coleman 2000; 2003; forthcoming; Coleman & Lee 2000; Coleman & Porter 2007.

4 Gawronski 2012, cat. 436; pers. comm.; L’Hour & Veyrat 2000, 48, 74–5, pls 4:7, 17; Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 68 fig. 1; Veyrat 2014, 101, fig. 3.

5 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 48, 66–70; also Carretero Pérez & Ortiz García 2001, 56–9; Rodríguez-Salgado 1988, 47 cat. 1:16; Coleman-Smith 1998; Coleman & Porter 2007, 52.

6 Berti 1999, 224, 415, 442–3.

7 Mannoni 1988; Milanese 1992, 212.

8 Berti, pers. comm.; Marciana commune, seen by HB.

9 Berti 1998, 82 n. 97; Cotter 2000, 301.

10 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 73–91; Mannoni 1988; Coleman & Porter 2007, 53.

11 McCutcheon 2002, 39; Apoteket (house 25) display, Den Gamle By, Aarhus, seen by Ashdown in July 1999; Coleman 2003, 135; Coleman & Porter 2007: 50; Cotter 2000, 301 cat. 4–5; Noël Hume 1970, 144; Blitzer 1990, 705 n. 26, pl. 112a; Berti 1998, 82 n. 97; 2008, 125.

12 Coleman 2003, 135–6; Coleman & Porter 2007, 50; Kirkman 1974, 120; and in Lamu museum, Kenya, Kirkman, 13 June 1977 letter to Ashdown; Barton 1981, 40, fig. 28; Fairbanks 1974, 34; 2013, 209; Burgess & Clausen 1976, 116/17 unnumbered pl.; South 2005, 138; Gibb 2005, 73–4; Noël Hume 1962, 208–10, fig. 28:5–6; 1963, 304–7, figs 37, 66, 70; 1969, 37–8, fig. 38; 1970, 144, fig. 54; Yentsch 1991, 58–60 tables 2–4; Carnes-McNaughton 2008, 4–6; Schleicher et al. 2008; shown at the conference but not published in Amouric & Serra 2012.

13 Coleman & Porter 2007, 61 n. 25; Coleman, 2 March 2002 letter to Hurst in Ashdown file.

14 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 147, 150–1; Ashdown 1974, 169–70; 1975, 240; files; Hurst, pers. comm.; Parsons 1966, 139, fig. 16.229; Kennett 1975; Backman 1977; Allan 1984, 102, 147; Rodríguez-Salgado 1988, 47 cat. 1:16; Coleman-Smith 1998; Cotter 2000, 300; pers. comm.; Allen 2008, 13; Carnes-McNaughton 2008, 4; Bingeman 2010, 144, figs 269–70, CD-ROM spreadsheet; Jarrett & Blackmore, forthcoming; Hawkhurst and Great Wigsell, Kent, seen by HB. Hurst and Ashdown were preparing a study of the British and Irish finds, when the former’s life was cut short in 2003; Ashdown, pers. comm. Hurst’s records on our jars were not available in his Archive, but copies of some of his correspondence are in Ashdown’s files.

15 Allen 1993, 26.

16 Coleman & Lee 2000, 36.

17 Coleman-Smith 1998, 14.

18 Cotter 2000, 300–1; pers. comm.; Coleman 2003, 136–7 — and for what follows; Goggin 1960, 8, 12, 18.

19 Adhyatman et al. 1977, 98. no. IV LI; Adhyatman & Ridho 1984, 189, no. 206.

20 Noël Hume, 11 October 1979 letter to Ashdown.

21 Coleman 2003, figs 12–16; forthcoming; Coleman & Porter 2007, 55–60.

22 Lime applied after firing, Coleman forthcoming; Francesco Bitossi pers. comm.

23 Cotter 2000, fig. 201; Coleman 2003, figs 10–11; see ‘Whose Marks?’ below.

24 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 152; Ashdown 1974, 168.

25 Noël Hume 1970, fig. 54.

26 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151–2; Goggin 1960, 30.

27 Berti 1998, 82 n. 97; pers. comm.

28 Coleman 2003, 137; forthcoming; Coleman & Lee 2000, 34, 45; Coleman & Porter 2007, 54, figs 3A–C.

29 Coleman 2003, fig. 5a.

30 Coleman 2003, fig. 5b.

31 Coleman 2003, fig. 7.

32 Coleman 2003, fig. 5c.

33 Coleman 2003, 135–6; forthcoming; Coleman & Porter 2007, 55.

34 Noël Hume 1969, fig. 38; 1970, fig. 54; Coleman & Lee 2000, 45.

35 L’Hour & Veyrat 2000, 48, 74.

36 Carnes-McNaughton 2008, 2, 4–6; Schleicher et al. 2008, 2827.

37 Gibb 2005, 72–4.

38 Noël Hume 1962, 169, 208–10; 1963, 124–5.

39 Yentsch 1991, 58–60, tables 2–4.

40 Heal 1947, 140–1; Coleman 2003, 132, figs 3a–b; Coleman & Lee 2000, 26.

41 Coleman 2003, 139, fig. 2.

42 Cotter 2000, 301.

43 Burgess & Clausen 1976, 116/17 unnumbered pl.

44 Ashdown 1974, figs 1, 3.

45 Cotter, pers. comm.

46 McCutcheon 2002, 39. Drawing after reconstruction by Cotter and Hurst, Hurst, 25 November 2002 letter to Ashdown.

47 Photograph by Fremmer, typed on reverse ‘Fig. 4. Variations in styles of jar found in Jamaica’ and with measurements, flange described by hand, in Ashdown file.

48 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 148, figs 3, 6; Platt & Coleman-Smith 1975, vol. 2, fig. 208:1340; Coleman 2003, 137, fig. 8; forthcoming; Coleman & Porter 2007, 54–5.

49 For newspapers and capacity, see ‘Packaging’ below.

50 Veyrat 2014, 101.

51 Coleman 2003, 137; forthcoming; Coleman & Porter 2007, 54.

52 Coleman 2003, fig. 1; forthcoming.

53 Cotter 2000, 300–1 cat. 5; pers. comm.

54 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 147.

55 Noël Hume 1962, 208.

56 Noël Hume 1963, 306. On ‘Spanish jars’, Coleman & Porter 2007, 52.

57 Noël Hume 1969, 38; 1963, 307.

58 Noël Hume 1970, 144.

59 Noël Hume 1963, 306. English origin ‘very improbable’, Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 150.

60 Fairbanks 1974, 34; 2013.

61 Deagan 1987, 36, 39; e.g. Mayes 1972, 107–9.

62 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151–2; Ashdown 1974, 168; Cotter 2000, 301.

63 Hurst 1991, 217.

64 Rodríguez-Salgado 1988, 47 cat. 1:16.

65 Berti 1997a, 48; 1998, 41; 1999, 223–4.

66 Berti 2001, 281–94, 167–93, 183.

67 Appendix, samples 1–3, 5–6.

68 Hughes et al. 1997, 79.

69 Blake & Hughes forthcoming b.

70 Appendix, 4.

71 Orton & Hughes 2013, 175–6; Neff, pers. comm.

72 Project summarized in Démians d’Archimbaud & Picon 1980a; pertinent results in Berti 1997b, 59.

73 Carnes-McNaughton 2008, 4–6; Schleicher et al. 2008.

74 Hughes in preparation.

75 Berti 1997b, 58–9.

76 Hughes et al. 1997; Blake & Hughes forthcoming a.

77 Near Grosseto in south Tuscany, Moore Valeri 2012, fig. 30.

78 Blake & Hughes forthcoming a.

79 Tsantini et al. 2015, 416.

80 e.g. Allan 2009; Hughes 2009; 2010; 2016; in preparation.

81 Baldi 2003.

82 Hughes in preparation; Blake & Hughes 2016; forthcoming a; forthcoming b.

83 Vessel 128 in Hughes 2016, 72; Blake 2016, 76.

84 Martini 1969, 269; Proto Pisani & Gentilini 2009, 24–5; Berti 1998, 82–3 n. 98.

85 Berti 2001, 283, 287.

86 Berti 1998, 32–53.

87 Berti 1998, 50, 53.

88 Zuccagni-Orlandini 1842, 142, 147.

89 Berti 1999, 52.

90 Berti 1999, 41–7; Repetti 1839, 415; Zuccagni-Orlandini 1842, 142.

91 Anon. 1851, 243.

92 Casprini Gentile 2009, 162, 175 cat. 4:11.

93 Repetti 1835, 415; Berti 1998, 82 n. 95; 1999, 223–4; 2001, 172, 175, 281; 2003, 22–3.

94 Berti 1998, 46–7.

95 Blake & Hughes forthcoming b.

96 Berti 1999, 46–7; Ferretti & Turrini 2010, 36, 47, figs 38–9; cp. £2.45 in lire tornesi, Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 204.

97 Betti 2013; Martini 1969, 266, 278, 378.

98 Heal 1925, 55.

99 Repetti 1835, 875.

100 Martini 1969, 266.

101 Repetti 1835, 906.

102 Martini 1969, 245–7. A gold scudo was like a florin and a ducat, and worth about seven silver lire, Nudi 1980, 352; Pult Quaglia 1990, 10; 1993, 33.

103 <http://www.tenutadiforci.it> [accessed June 2014].

104 The measure of a ‘barrel of fine oil, that is of the six-mile’ district around the city was just over 40 litres, Zuccagni-Orlandini 1845, 375; Martini 1969, xxiv.

105 Martini 1969, 387.

106 Baruchello 1932, 474–5; a Florentine oil barrel contained nearly 33½ litres, Pult Quaglia 1990, 9.

107 Bowring 1837, 32, 66.

108 Baruchello 1932, 124–5, 197–8, 264, 276–9, 284, 299–300, 308, 312, 315, 331–4, 360–1, 448, 490–1, 510; Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 29–30, 45, 63, 67–72, 78–81, 86; vol. 2, 120–2, 124, 143–8, 208–10, 216–18; vol. 3, 361–78; Hayward 1978, 273; Grassi 1938, 229, 255–6; quotation from LoRomer 1987, 261.

109 Bowring 1837, 28–9.

110 Filippini 1998, vol. 2, 318–21, 353–6, 372, table 1; Pult Quaglia 2000, 118.

111 From the Italian translation of the German original, Martini 1969, 69–70, pl. 11; Piancastelli Politi 1980, 347–8, pl. 17:3; Pult Quaglia 2003, 153.

112 Gorani 1794, 3, 142–3; Puccinelli 2002.

113 Piancastelli Politi 1980, 341–2, 344; Martini 1969, 70.

114 Piancastelli Politi 1980, 342, 344–5; Bietti et al. 1980, 196; Bietti & Cecchi Marinelli 1980, 219 n. 16, 222 cat. 3:5.

115 Zingarelli 1959, s. v.

116 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 188, 192.

117 Baruchello 1932, 433 fig. 46; Filippini 1998, vol. 2, fig. 9.

118 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 94, 96, n. 45.

119 Piombanti 1873, 402–3.

120 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 67–9; translation [with our additions] of Mineccia 1983, 228; Giorgetti 1977a; Mirri 1964.

121 Martini 1969, 69. See, too, Table 2.

122 Mineccia 1983, 228; Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 48.

123 Pult Quaglia 1990, 235–51, esp. 237; 2000, 60–1, 129–34, esp. 132; Rava 1989; Imberciadori 1953, 198.

124 Pult Quaglia 2000, 132.

125 Pult Quaglia 1990, 237.

126 Passage lifted from Rava 1989, 40–1, which is a glossed paraphrase of the reports.

127 See ‘How Many?’ section.

128 The ‘duties’ imposed per gallon were, respectively, 1s 8.63d, 11.55d, 5.87d (a ratio of about 4:2:1). Other duties include fractions (5% and 1%) of the following ‘rate’ fixed for the commodity: 5s a gallon for ‘Sallet Oyl’ and £32 a ton (i.e. 2s 6.47d a gallon) for French and ordinary oils (a ratio of about 2:1), Crouch 1725, 188–9; 1745, 194–5; Venner 1766, 15, 264–5, 394.

129 Rodger 2005, p. 875.

130 Coleman 2000, app. A; Jones 1993, 41; Coleman 2000, 16, 52 n. 93; Coleman & Porter 2007, 61 n. 9.

131 Coleman 2000, app. A, 5–7.

132 BM, Heal,89.24.

133 BM, Banks,89.11.

134 BM, Heal,89.7.

135 BM, Heal,89.12.

136 BM, Heal,89.17.

137 BM, Heal,89.19.

138 BM, Heal,89.56.

139 BM, Heal,89.68.

140 BM, Heal,89.91.

141 BM, Heal,89.96.

142 BM, Heal,89.112.

143 BM, Heal,89.145.

144 BM, Heal,89.172.

145 BM, Heal,89.174.

146 BM, Heal,89.175.

147 Household accounts for 1788–89, HALS, DE/P/AF57; Coleman, pers. comm.

148 Mazzei 1845, 225, 213–14.

149 Pult Quaglia 1990, 235–6, 238; 1993, 38–9; 2000, 130; 2003, 151.

150 Pult Quaglia 1990, 243–8, graph 7; 1993, 39; 2003, 151–2, graph 2.

151 Jones 1993, 26.

152 Whole card illustrated by Coleman 2003, fig. 2; Riello 2006, fig. 1. Straw hats: Dal Pane 1971, 182–3; 1973, 238; Bowring 1837, 32.

153 Mirri 1972; Baruchello 1932, 475; Pinto 2005, 185, 200–1; Imberciadori 1953, 200–1.

154 Zobi 1858, 423–5.

155 Zuccagni-Orlandini 1842, 59–60.

156 Riello 2006, 215.

157 Coleman 2000, 14.

158 Anon. 1880, 134. Not stored in cisterns, Presta 1794, 295.

159 Heal 1925; 1947.

160 Allen 1993, frontispiece, 24, 26 n. 6; Paulson 1989, 69, 224, cat. 105; Antal 1962, 78–9; Heal 1925, pl. 49; Coleman 2003, fig. 2; Riello 2006, 219–20 n. 34, fig. 1.

161 LMA, CLA/024/10/336, also Palmer 2007, 81.

162 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 149–50; Kingzett 1980–82, 10, 41–2; Barkley 1985, 66.

163 Coleman 2003, figs 4a–b.

164 Heal 1947, 21–2, 140–1; Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 149–50; Ashdown 1974, 168; Coleman 2003, figs 3a–b. For street signs, see Earle 1989, pl. 6.

165 Ashdown 1974; 1975; Cotter 2000, 303 cat. 8; Simmonds 1905, vol. 4, 28.

166 Whole card reproduced in Riello 2006, fig. 5.

167 The Tatler, no. 223,9–12 September.

168 Coleman 2000, app. A. 1818 advert.; Jones 1993, 32. Jar oil, Coleman 2000, 18, 52 n. 93; 2003, 131.

169 Jones 1993, 32.

170 Coleman 2000, app. A, 2; p. 53 n. 103; 2003, 131.

171 BM, Heal,89.115.

172 Mazzei 1845, 311.

173 Rees 1972, vol. 4, 60.

174 Coleman 2000, app. A, 5–6.

175 Riello 2006, 220 n. 34.

176 Jones 1993, 35.

177 Repetti 1845, 156. Also in 1768 hundreds of thousands of glass flasks were made in two glasshouses and covered with straw in Montelupo, Dal Pane 1958, 508.

178 Repetti 1839, 415.

179 Anon. 1880, 134.

180 WCA 1470/8.

181 Jones 1993, 38.

182 Giannetti 2010, 3–6; Einstein 1902, 190; on Italian as the new lingua franca, Dursteler 2012, 68–74.

183 Firpo 1973, 32–43; Castelvetro 1973, 140; Giannetti 2010, 6, n. 23.

184 Coleman forthcoming.

185 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 149; Coleman forthcoming; Zupko 1985, 165.

186 Marken 1994, 123, 125–6.

187 Guiral 1976, 193.

188 Deagan 1987, 36; cp. the tinajas from a 1638 Manila shipwreck?, Coleman & Porter 2007, fig. 2c.

189 cp. 76 jars of olives from Spain, 26 from Portugal, and one ‘pot’ from the ‘Streights’, Houghton 1700, 16. Synonym of Mediterranean, Houghton 1727, vol. 3, 297, 302. Distinction probably derives from the ‘one per cent inward’ duty, first granted in 1662, ‘upon … goods and merchandizes … imported from any Port or Place of the Mediterranean Sea beyond the Port of Malaga’, Crouch 1725, 14.

190 Ashdown 1974, 168.

191 Earle 1989, 328, 335–6.

192 Earle 1989, 275–8, 281, table 1.

193 Earle 1989, 45, 47–8.

194 BM, Heal,89.172.

195 Earle 1989, 48, 395, 402.

196 BM, Heal,89.152.

197 Riello 2006, 203, 206–8.

198 Coleman 2000, app. A, 2.

199 Zupko 1985, 165.

200 Coleman 2000, app. A, 3.

201 BM, Heal,89.24; Riello 2006, fig. 5.

202 Earle 1989, 272, 328. BM, D,2.1205; Riello 2006, fig. 6 of WCA 1470/8, with bill on reverse dated 6 July 1797.

203 Chambers 1728, vol. 3, 658.

204 Houghton 1700, 17.

205 Hémardinquer 1963; Pult Quaglia 1990, 256 n. 54.

206 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 83.

207 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 78.

208 Rees 1972, vol. 4, 60.

209 Except where indicated otherwise, sources for this paragraph: Rodger 1988, 83–4; Coleman 2000, 22; 2003, 133–5.

210 Rava 1989, 34.

211 Rodger 1988, 82.

212 Jones & Smith 1985, 62.

213 See ‘Whose Oil?’ section.

214 Mazzei 1845, 213–14, 253–4.

215 Rees 1972, vol. 4, 59.

216 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 26–7, 206.

217 WCA 1470/8.

218 See also Simmonds 1905, vol. 4, 47, 50.

219 Gazzeri 1812, 359, 362–3.

220 BM, Heal,89.56.

221 BM, Heal,89.91.

222 BM, Heal,89.72.

223 BM, Heal,89.24. His prices for olive oils in the ‘Salad Oil’ section.

224 BM, Heal,89.91, 89.7.

225 BM, Heal,89.112.

226 The World, 24 November 1790, front page, bottom left column, WCA 1470/8.

227 OED, s.v. Naples; sold at Mrs Holts, Fig. 5; Coleman 2003, fig. 2; Riello 2006, fig. 1.

228 Martini 1969, 267.

229 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 191.

230 Gazzeri 1812, 358–9.

231 Rees 1972, s.v. Soap.

232 Pagano De Divitiis 1997, 150.

233 Pagano De Divitiis 1997, 148; Rees 1972, vol. 5, 17.

234 Mecom 1786.

235 Pagano De Divitiis 1997, 148–9; OED, s.v. Castile soap. But Castle soap (2) was advertised in one instance together with Castile. It was described earlier as made without oil, Houghton 1695, 352–4.

236 Simmonds 1905, vol. 4, 54, 90.

237 Earle 1989, 32 table 2:1, 345 n. 38.

238 Rees 1972, vol. 5, 467. For ‘fulling’ soap, see also Simmonds 1905, vol. 4, 94.

239 Clay 1984, table 14; Earle 1989, 289–90.

240 Rees 1972, vol. 5, 467.

241 Pagano De Divitiis 1997, 151.

242 Clay 1984, table 19.

243 Allan 1995, 303; 1984, 110–11; Gutiérrez 2012, 38–9; cp. Childs 1995, 29. In the 18th-century customs manuals, the duty on Sevil, Majorca, Minorca, Apuglia and Portugal oil are recorded, but in 1785 no Spanish oil was reported amongst the imports to London, although goods from Cadiz and other Spanish ports were listed, Table 2; Crouch 1725, 188; Venner 1766, 264.

244 Cotter 2000, 305.

245 BM, D,2.4661.

246 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 149; Coleman 2003, 139–40; forthcoming.

247 See ‘Provenance’ section.

248 Berti 1998, 82 n. 97.

249 Bietti et al. 1980, 182–6, 188, 190–4; Bietti & Cecchi Marinelli 1980, 218–19.

250 Bietti et al. 1980, 166; Bietti & Cecchi Marinelli 1980, 219, n. 19.

251 Bietti & Cecchi Marinelli 1980, 222 cat. 3:5; cp. cat. 3:4; Bietti et al. 1980, 166; Piancastelli Politi 1980, 341–2.

252 Coleman & Porter 2007, figs 6–8.

253 Coleman & Porter 2007, 56–60.

254 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, fig. 21.

255 Barkley 1985, 66.

256 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 54, 59 fig. 7, 61 fig. 6; Blake et al. 2003, 190.

257 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151; Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 69; Coleman & Porter 2007, 59 cat. IF-1.

258 Mineccia 1983, 227; Baruchello 1932, 500–2 n. 1; Earle 1989, 35, 98.

259 Mazzei 1845, 225–6, 245, 306–7, 311.

260 BM, Heal,89.10; Coleman 2003, 132.

261 Rodríguez-Salgado 1988, 47 cat. 1:16.

262 Noël Hume 1963, 306.

263 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 152, fig. 7C; Cotter 2000, fig. 202:3; Appendix, 1, 3; Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 69 fig. 3; Coleman 2003, fig. 15; Coleman & Porter 2007, 59; Elkin 2011, fig. 7:7.

264 See ‘Livorno’ section.

265 Cotter, pers. comm.; 2000, 301; Coleman 2003, 142, fig. 17a. Same shield mark at Wells, Ashdown, pers. comm.

266 Berti 2001.

267 Noted in ‘Montelupo Oil Jars’ section.

268 Bietti et al. 1980, 196, 168.

269 Berti 1998, 47.

270 Berti, pers. comm.; or when fired in someone else’s kiln.

271 Berti 2001, 283, 287.

272 Coleman 2003, 138–9.

273 Amouric &Vallauri 2005, 83–4; Bevià García & Azuar Ruiz 2005, 104, 242–3, 250–2; Coleman & Porter 2007, 51, figs 2a–b.

274 Coleman 2003, fig. 4b.

275 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 150.

276 Elkin 2011, 244, fig. 7:76; Campbell & Gesner 2000, 109, figs 138–9.

277 Mazzei 1845, 307; Jones 1993, 26.

278 Coleman 2000, 15.

279 Coleman 2000, 6, 24; 2003, 135–6; Coleman & Porter 2007, 50–1.

280 Veyrat, pers. comm.; 2014, 99; Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 63; 2, 343.

281 Baruchello 1932, 361.

282 Amsterdam: Gawronski 2012, cat. 436; Kalverstraat, pers. comm.; Rokin metro, Ostkamp, pers. comm.; Zaandam: Waldus & Ostkamp 2008, 44, cat. 13; see ‘Livorno’ section. In addition to examples in museums in Amsterdam (including one found in Schagen, Noord-Holland), Arnhem, Hoorn, Leeuwarden (from Texel), and Utrecht: Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151–2; Kennett 1975, 76; Jarrett & Blackmore forthcoming; Ashdown, pers. comm.; Hurst, pers. comm. Cp. Post-Medieval Archaeology indexes.

283 Spinks 1959, fig. 59; Coleman 2003, 134; Coleman & Lee 2000, 30–1; Adhyatman et al. 1977, 26; Hurst et al. 1986, 10–11.

284 Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 61–2.

285 Filippini 1998,vol. 2, 119.

286 Mazzei 1845, 340, 343, 346–7.

287 See ‘Lucca’ and ‘Royal Navy’ sections.

288 Litchfield 1969, 698; see also Bertolini’s observation in ‘Whose Oil?’ section.

289 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 78.

290 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 68–70; Amouric et al. 2016, 11.

291 Mannoni 1988.

292 Filippini 1998, vol. 3, 361–5.

293 Dieulefet, pers. comm.; Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 71, fig. 7; Blitzer 1990, 688 type 7?

294 Anon. 1785.

295 Blitzer 1990, 70; also in the Cyclades, Berti 2008, 125.

296 Baruchello 1932, 454–5, 470, 511 n. 1; Ciano 1989, 88, 90; Filippini 1998,vol. 2, 56–7.

297 Berti 1998, 82 n. 97.

298 Blitzer 1990, 705, pl. 112b–c; Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 78.

299 Blitzer 1990, 705, pl. 112a, c.

300 Anon. 1880, 134.

301 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151.

302 Mannoni 1988.

303 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151h; Coleman 2003, 135; Noël Hume 1963, 120 fig. 37.

304 Casprini Gentile 2009, 163.

305 Mallet, 21 January 1981 letter to Ashdown. In 1912 Barto Valle, Pepler and Co. were listed by the London Gazette (2 January, p. 10) as a ‘Grocery and Oilery’.

306 Noël Hume, 11 October 1979 letter to Ashdown.

307 Illidge et al. 2014.

308 Coleman 2003, 135; on pursery, Rodger 1988, 87–98.

309 Coleman forthcoming; Coleman & Porter 2007, 53; Amouric & Serra 2012.

310 Coleman 2003, 135.

311 Ford 1909, 41; Noël Hume 1963, 307.

312 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 151–2.

313 Noël Hume 1970, 144.

314 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 153 n. 20; seen by HB in San Miniato.

315 Coleman, 2 March 2002 and received 23 July 2001 letters to Hurst in Ashdown file.

316 Cotter 2000, 303 cat. 8, 10.

317 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, fig. 3B; Noël Hume 1963, fig. 70; Coleman 2003, fig. 8; Platt & Coleman-Smith 1975, vol. 2, 176, fig. 208, no. 1340. In 1976 a jar fragment was excavated in Upper Bugle Street, Southampton, Thomson, 1 August 1977 letter to Ashdown, whereas the lid was excavated in the High Street, Platt & Coleman-Smith 1975, vol. 1, fig. 3.

318 See ‘PACKAGING’ section.

319 Riello 2006, fig. 2; BM, D,2.1196; D,2.1198.

320 Coleman 2000, app. A, 8–9.

321 Coleman 2003, 134–5.

322 Earle 1989, 17, 335; Wrigley & Schofield 1981, table 7.8.

323 Earle 1989, 81, 279.

324 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 78.

325 See ‘Lucca’ section.

326 The quantities for the missing weeks were estimated (in the main) by halving the sum of the preceding and successive periods’ average weekly consignments.

327 See ‘Whose Oil?’ section.

328 Berti 1998, 46.

329 Bowring 1837, 25–7.

330 Amouric & Vallauri 2005, 79–80.

331 Litchfield 1969, 704.

332 Coleman 2003, fig. 2; Riello 2006, fig. 1.

333 Kingzett 1980–82.

334 Even though the quay is unlikely to have been that of the Customs or of any near the City, Scott was wont to combine elements from different drawings to form an imagined scene, Kingzett 1980–82, 2, 41–42.

335 Riello 2006, 203–6.

336 Earle 1989, 7–8, 34–7, 40–1, 44, 328, esp. 333; Litchfield 1969, 697.

337 Hayward 1978, 273; Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 60–1, 63.

338 Filippini 1998, vol. 2, 210, 216–18.

339 Martini 1969, 207–8 n. 132.

340 Castignoli 2001, 96–7.

341 Mineccia 1983, 227. On nations: Filippini 1998, vol. 1, 82.

342 Filippini 1998, vol. 3, 365–9.

343 The six kilns da vasi e coppi and the two making kitchenware reported in 1796 were reduced to two by 1811–12, Berti 2008, 127–128.

344 De Seta 1996, 18.

345 Riello 2006, 214–17.

346 Burgess 1933, 5, 11, 14; c. Riello 2006, figs 5 and 6; The Observer, no. 1509, 20 February 1820, back page, 1st col., 5th from btm (WCA 1470/8).

347 BM, Heal,89.163.

348 Paulson 1989, cat. 147; 1979, 31–2. Sign also for The Quiet Woman inn in Pershore (Worcs.), Larwood & Hotten 1866, 454. Pigment barrels?, Bingeman 2010, 152.

349 Larwood & Hotten 1866, 454–5; Matthew 25:1–13; The Olio 2 (1829), 89.

350 Adhyatman et al. 1977, 27.

351 Coleman forthcoming. Cf. 1688 usage, Kent 2015, 388, figs 16.7:5, 16.9:1.

352 Gabrielli 2008, s.v. orecchio §2; cp. orejas in Spain for similar shoulder handles, Carretero Pérez & Ortiz García 2001, 56–9.

353 OED, s.v. ear; lug.

354 Milanese et al. 2004, 43–7.

355 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, esp. fig. 2.

356 Guiral 1976, 193.

357 Coleman 2003, 128.

358 Earle 1989, 38.

359 Cotter 2000, 301, cat. 4; pers. comm.

360 Ashdown, pers. comm.; Blackmore & Cowie 2001, 68, 76, 81.

361 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 150–1 a, fig. 7C; Ashdown, pers. comm.

362 Queensland Museum Collection acc. nos MA3, MA138, MA139, MA8719. Gesner 2000, 1, 25–6; Campbell & Gesner 2000, 54, 109, figs 138–9; Coleman 2003, 136, fig. 1; Illidge et al. 2014, 82–6.

363 Middlewood & Ashdown 1972, 143, 147–9, figs 6, 7A–B; Ashdown, pers. comm.