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Articles

Medieval memories and the reformation of religious identity: Catholic and Anglican interactions with parish church sites in County Limerick, Ireland

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Pages 332-353 | Published online: 30 Nov 2017
 

Abstract

SUMMARY: This paper examines parish church sites in County Limerick and their evolving meanings as a result of Ireland’s unsuccessful Protestant Reformation. Unusually for Europe, most Irish parish churches fell into ruin from 1550 to 1700. Conquest, loss of patronage and the Anglican Church of Ireland’s failure to convert most native Catholics ensured this eventuality. Nevertheless, local memories continued to draw people to these sites. There is evidence for Catholic burial in the 18th and 19th centuries, conversion of chancels into burial plots and, sometimes, church maintenance or construction by Anglicans. These activities all reveal contemporary concerns with history, identity and legitimacy.

Résumé

Mémoires médiévales et réforme de l’identité religieuse: interactions catholique et anglicane avec les sites d’églises paroissiales dans le Comté de Limerick, en Irlande

Cet article traite des sites d’églises paroissiales dans le comté de Limerick et l’évolution de leur signification suite à l’échec de la Réforme Protestante en Irlande. Fait exceptionnel pour l’Europe, la plupart des églises paroissiales irlandaises sont tombées en ruines entre 1550 et 1700. La conquête, la perte de patronage et l’échec de l’église anglicane d’Irlande pour convertir la plupart des catholiques natifs en sont la cause. Néanmoins, les mémoires locales ont continué à attirer les gens sur ces sites. On y trouve des indices d’inhumation catholique au cours des 18e et 19e siècles, la conversion des chœurs en lieu de sépulture et parfois la maintenance ou construction d’églises par les Anglicans. Ces activités révèlent toutes des intérêts contemporains avec l’histoire, l’identité er la légitimité.

Zusammenfassung

Mittelalterliche Erinnerungen und die Reformation der religiösen Identität: Katholische und Anglikanische Interaktionen mit Pfarrei-Kirchenstätten in der County Limerick, Irland

Dieser Artikel untersucht Pfarrkirchen in der County Limerick und ihre sich entwickelnden Bedeutungen durch Irlands erfolglose protestantische Reformation. Ungewöhnlich für Europa, zerfielen die meisten irischen Pfarrkirchen von 1550 bis 1700 zu Ruinen. Eroberung, Verlust der Schirmherrschaft und der Fehler der anglikanischen Kirche, die meisten einheimischen Katholiken von Irland nicht zu bekehren, gewährleistete dieses Ergebnis. Trotzdem zogen Erinnerungen weiterhin Menschen zu diesen Stätten. Es gibt Beweise katholischer Beerdigungen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, Umwandlung des Altarraums für Grabstellen und manchmal die Wartung von Kirchen oder den Wiederaufbau durch Anglikaner. Alle diese Aktivitäten zeigen zeitgenössische Bedenken mit Geschichte, Identität und Legitimität.

Riassunto

Reminiscenze medievali e nuova identità religiosa: l’interazione cattolica e anglicana con i siti delle pievi nella contea di Limerick (Irlanda)

Questo lavoro analizza i siti delle parrocchie presenti nella Contea di Limerick, considerando come cambiò il loro ruolo dopo il fallimento della Riforma protestante in Irlanda. Diversamente da quanto avvenne nel resto d’Europa, la maggior parte delle pievi irlandesi diventò un rudere fra il 1550 e i 1700. La conquista inglese, la mancanza di patronato, e il fallimento da parte della Chiesa Anglicana d’Irlanda di convertire la popolazione locale di fede cattolica portarono a tanto. Nonostante ciò, la memoria locale fece sì che la popolazione continuasse a frequentare questi siti. Vi sono tracce di sepolture cattoliche databili al XVIII-XIX secolo; in alcuni casi i presbiteri furono trasformati in aree sepolcrali, in altri gli Anglicani restaurarono le chiese o le ampliarono. Tutte queste attività rivelano l’interesse delle persone di quel tempo per la storia, l’identità, e il riconoscimento dell’importanza di questi luoghi.

Resumen

Memorias medievales y la reforma de la identidad religiosa: interacciones católicas y anglicanas según los restos de iglesias parroquiales del Condado de Limerick, Irlanda

Este artículo examina los restos de iglesias parroquiales existentes en el Condado de Limerick y las transformaciones sufridas por la Reforma Protestante, que no tuvo éxito en Irlanda. La mayoría de las iglesias parroquiales irlandesas cayeron en la ruina entre 1550 y 1700, algo que es raro a nivel europeo. Varios factores contribuyeron a dicha pérdida: la conquista, la pérdida de patrocinio y el fracaso de la Iglesia Anglicana de Irlanda de convertir a la mayoría de los católicos nativos. A pesar de ello, la memoria local siguió atrayendo gente hacia estos sitios, como queda demostrado por los enterramientos católicos de los siglos XVIII y XIX, la conversión de los presbiterios en zonas de enterramientos y, a veces, incluso el mantenimiento o construcción de iglesias por anglicanos. Todas estas actividades revelan preocupaciones contemporáneas hacia la historia, la identidad y la legitimidad.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr Bob Johnston, University of Sheffield, for encouraging me to publish this work. My warmest thanks to Peggy O’Donnell for showing me the site at Kilbreedy Minor, and also to Noel Collins (Kilmallock) and Gerald Quain (Creggane).

Notes

1 Bradley Citation1987, 5; Newman Citation1998, 135–6; Semple Citation1998; Bender & Winer Citation2001; Mitchell Citation2002.

2 Canny Citation2001; Lenihan Citation2008; Edwards et al. Citation2010.

3 Ford Citation1986, 50.

4 Breen Citation2009; Edwards et al. Citation2010.

5 Ford Citation1986, 51; Brady & Murray Citation2006, 25–7.

6 Bradshaw Citation1978, 500–1; Brady & Murray Citation2006, 38.

7 Gillespie Citation1997, 2.

8 Wall Citation1961; Cullen Citation1986; Donnelly Citation2004, 120–2; Barnard Citation2006, 207–8.

9 Lyttleton Citation2013, 258.

10 Bradshaw Citation1974.

11 Lyttleton Citation2013, 216.

12 Ford Citation1986, 52–3.

13 Newport White Citation1943, 181.

14 Newport White Citation1943, 210.

15 Stalley Citation1987, 227.

16 Stalley Citation1987, 228–33; Lynch Citation2010, 199.

17 Stalley Citation1987, 230, 234.

18 Clyne Citation2007, 512–14.

19 Davies Citation1939, 283.

20 Brannon Citation1985; Horning Citation2013, 206, 216.

21 NicGhabhann Citation2015, 39–56.

22 Stalley Citation2000; O’Neill Citation2009, 328–49; Lynas Citation1997, 183–91.

23 NicGhabhann Citation2015.

24 NMS Citationn.d.; Westropp Citation1905.

25 TCD MS 1066: Visitatio Regalis, 1615 (Dioceses of Dublin, Kildare, Ossory, Ferns, Leighlin, Cashel, Emly, Killaloe, Waterford Lismore, Limerick, Ardfert, etc.); TCD MS 1067: Visitatio Regalis, 1633–34 (Dioceses of Cashel, Emly, Killaloe, Kilfenora, Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe, Cork, Cloyne, Ross, Waterford, Lismore and Clogher).

26 NLI MS 718: Parish Maps of the Down Survey for the Co. of Limerick by W. Petty 1657 (a set of 59 maps with accompanying terriers), copied by Daniel O’Brien, 1786–87.

27 Wyse Jackson Citation1945.

28 NLI MS 2046: A ‘photostat’ of an account of a visitation of the diocese of Limerick by Bishop Thomas Smyth, 1708.

29 NAI, Betham’s Gen. Abstracts, Misc, Series, Vol. 20: Copy of the register of the Church of Ireland parish of Ballingarry, Co. Limerick, Limerick Diocese; NLI MS 16,603: Vestry book of parish of St Peter and Paul, Kilmallock, Diocese of Limerick, 1775–1815.

30 Westropp Citation1905.

31 Otway-Ruthven Citation1980, 118; Duffy Citation2006, 41.

32 Lyttleton Citation2008, 84.

33 Begley Citation1906, 259.

34 Gerald Quain, pers. comm.

35 Westropp Citation1905, 421.

36 Wyse Jackson Citation1945, 148.

37 Westropp Citation1905, 424.

38 Breen Citation2009.

39 Seoighe Citation1987, 47–78; Nicholls Citation2001, 192.

40 Manuscripts cited by Westropp Citation1905, 423.

41 Wyse Jackson Citation1945.

42 RIA MSS 14 E, 8–9: Ordnance Survey Letters relating to Co. Limerick, by John O’Donovan, 1840.

43 Barry Citation1909, 35.

44 NLI GO MS 816:5: Draft pedigrees of Owens & Hiffernan of Kilbreedy, c. 1750–1800.

45 NLI MS 16,603: Vestry book of parish of St Peter and Paul, Kilmallock, Diocese of Limerick, 1775–1815.

46 Mytum Citation2006, 99–105.

47 Peggy O’Donnell, Kilbreedy Minor, pers. comm.

48 Seoighe Citation1987, 329.

49 Roe Citation1976, 257–8, 263–4.

50 Pender Citation2002, 290.

51 Mytum Citation2009, 164–5.

52 Mytum Citation2002, 144.

53 Wyse Jackson Citation1945, 149.

54 Pender Citation2002, 272, 290.

55 Wyse Jackson Citation1945, 148.

56 Wyse Jackson Citation1945, 149.

57 Westropp Citation1905, 388; NIAH Citationn.d., Saint Andrew’s Church of Ireland Church, Kilfinnane.

58 Westropp Citation1905, 431.

59 See NIAH Citationn.d., Saint John’s Church of Ireland Church, Knockainy.

60 Pender Citation2002, 276–77.

61 Barry Citation1909, 57.

62 Countess of Dunraven Citation1865, 99.

63 Cotter Citation2006, fig. .

64 Smyth Citation2002, fig. .

65 Wyse Jackson Citation1945, 150.

66 Lewis Citation1837.

67 Yates Citation2006, 34.

68 Fitzgerald Citation1826, 320.

69 NAI, Betham’s Gen. Abstracts, Misc, Series, Vol. 20: Copy of the register of the Church of Ireland parish of Ballingarry, Co. Limerick, Limerick Diocese.

70 Walsham Citation2011, 176.

71 Carroll Citation1999, 19–53; Miller Citation2000.

72 Ó Danachair Citation1955.

73 Ó Danachair Citation1955, 195–6.

74 Jeffries Citation2006, 216.

75 Westropp Citation1905, 423–4, 430.

76 See Mac Niocaill Citation1992.

77 Lennon Citation2002, 64.

78 Smyth Citation2006, 131.

79 Wyse Jackson Citation1945.

80 Lennon Citation2002, 67.

81 Lyttleton Citation2013, 243.

82 McNeill Citation1943, 104.

83 Lennon Citation2002, 64–9.

84 Ford Citation1986, 65–9.

85 Ford Citation2007, 124.

86 Ford Citation2007, 126.

87 Ford Citation2007, 130.

88 Countess of Dunraven Citation1865, 178–87.

89 Bartlett Citation2014.

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